故宫博物院旧藏漆器文物中漆灰材质的科学研究

漆灰的修复是漆器文物修复工作的重要组成部分。为揭示故宫博物院旧藏漆器3种典型漆灰的材料构成及特点,以及为漆器修复工作提供科技支持,研究结合X射线荧光光谱、微区X射线衍射、红外光谱、纤维显微镜观测、热裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用等技术,综合分析了3种典型漆灰所含无机及有机原材料。研究结果表明：明代古梅花蕉叶式琴漆灰所用无机材料是动物角灰或骨灰及少量黏土,胶结材料则由中国大漆及少量植物油组成;清代黑漆描金大宝座漆灰的无机材料为含有方解石的黏土,胶结材料为熟桐油、猪血的混合物,此外,样品中还含有麻类纤维,为宝座木胎与漆灰层之间所裱麻布,宝座漆灰不但能提供平整髹漆表面,而且还对麻布有加固定型作用;清代黑漆地填金字张廷玉书圣训天伦对联漆灰的无机材料为黏土,胶结材料则为熟桐油、猪血的混合物。研究所用分析方法体系可实现漆灰原材料,特别是有机胶结材料的准确识别。3种典型漆灰的选材特点与中国古代漆器,特别是明清时期家具、器物制作用料传统相吻合,研究结果可直接应用于漆器文物修复方案的制定。     

The technological development of stonepaste ceramics from the Islamic Middle East

The microstructures and chemical compositions of stonepaste bodies from the Islamic Middle East, typically produced from a mixture of ten parts crushed quartz, one part crushed glass and one part white clay, are investigated using analytical scanning electron microscopy. For comparison, replicate stonepaste bodies are produced in the laboratory at firing temperatures in the range 900–1200 °C, and are similarly examined. The stonepaste bodies are divided into four primary microstructural groups that reflect the increasing reaction during firing of the glass fragments with the clay and quartz particles. The observed microstructures are then used to assess the geographical and chronological variations in the production technology of stonepaste ceramics from Egypt, Syria, Iran, Uzbekistan and Turkey, spanning the period from 11th to 17th centuries AD.     

拉曼光谱技术在仿古玉鉴别中的应用

由热处理法可制得软玉的仿古效果,为古玉的科学鉴定提供理论依据,为此使用拉曼光谱对三组不同颜色的软玉原料及经不同温度热处理所得的样品进行了研究。实验结果表明:经热处理法得到的仿古玉样品的拉曼谱图同未经热处理的软玉原料的拉曼谱图相比在位移上有显著差异。未经热处理的软玉原料在252～395cm~(-1)拉曼位移带的数个谱峰在经热处理得到的仿古玉的谱图中会集中显示为324～327cm~(-1)和389～395cm~(-1)处的两个拉曼峰,在666～668cm~(-1)和1019～1027cm~(-1)处的谱峰会稍向低频方向漂移至662～665cm~(-1)和1007～1010cm~(-1), 510～526cm~(-1)处的拉曼峰会变钝,926cm~(-1)处的谱峰几乎消失,而1304～1310cm~(-1)处的拉曼峰则是经热处理法得到的仿古玉才具有的。因此,1304～1310cm~(-1)处的拉曼峰可作为鉴别经热处理法得到的仿古玉的特征峰。     

Evaluating copper isotope fractionation in the metallurgical operational chain: An experimental approach

Until today, raw material information of copper (Cu) objects is mostly gained from impurities and trace elements and not from the Cu itself. This might be obtained using its stable isotopes. However, isotopic fingerprinting requires the absence of fractionation during the smelting process. The Cu isotope evolution during outdoor smelting experiments with Cu sulphide ore was investigated. It is shown that external materials, in particular furnace lining, clay, manure and sand, alter the isotopic composition of the smelting products. Cu isotopes are fractionated within low viscosity slag derived from matte smelting. The produced metallic Cu has a Cu isotope signature close to the ore.     

Molecular evidence of bitumen in the Mousterian lithic assemblage of Hummal (Central Syria)

Evidence for bitumen use in Middle Palaeolithic sites is an exception in Pleistocene archaeology. This paper presents the discovery of three tar-bearing Levallois artefacts found in the Mousterian sequence in Hummal (Central Syria). The organic residues were submitted to geochemical study. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and isotopic data show the presence of bitumen. The most likely location of natural asphalt provisioning is the Shaaf outcrop in the Bichri desert. The bitumen-bearing stone tools add further important data to the growing knowledge about bitumen processing in the Middle Palaeolithic spring sites of El Kowm. Identification of the provisioning place for natural asphalt enables a more precise assumption about the site's catchment area. From a technological point of view, the tar-bearing specimens provide information on the range of tool forms selected for hafting. Ballistic features arguably indicate that the pointed Levallois blanks seem to be spear points that were fitted to a wooden handle. In at least one case, this technical procedure was seemingly executed during a brief episode of occupation and replacement of worn out implements. This small, bracketed window of detailed insight into Mousterian technology is linked with the more general relationship between Levallois technology and stone tool hafting.     

便携式X射线荧光现场分析壁画颜料适用性研究——以西藏拉萨大昭寺壁画为例

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪作为快捷的无损分析技术,广泛应用于壁画文物的现场分析中.本文利用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪分析了西藏拉萨大昭寺转经廊壁画,选取部分样品,利用实验室X射线荧光分析,发现所分析颜料的主要显色元素具有一致性,并利用拉曼光谱确定了壁画颜料的成分.通过比较研究,发现便携式X射线荧光光谱仪可确定大部分色彩较为纯正的颜料的成分,同时,由于西藏拉萨大昭寺壁画颜料的杂多性,对于含砷的橙色颜料、含砷或含铅与含铁的黄色颜料、含铜砷的绿色颜料、含钙硫的白色颜料、群青与孔雀石的混合颜料则需结合拉曼光谱确定之.本研究工作显示,利用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪开展现场检测,可极大地减少实验室分析样品的取样数量,有利于壁画颜料的无损分析与微损分析.     

Identification of psychoactive alkaloids in ancient Andean human hair by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Various ethnographic sources have demonstrated the symbolic and ritualistic importance of psychoactive plants in Native American societies. The social milieu of these mind- altering plants appears to be ancient. Archaeological evidence during the Tiwanaku empire expansion along the Atacama Desert of Chile, circa 500–1000 A.D., shows the presence of highly decorated snuffing tablets and tubes as grave goods. The preservation of mummified human bodies in the Azapa Valley, northern Chile, provided an opportunity to test the exact nature of the psychoactive plants used in this region. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS), here we show that ancient Andean populations from northern Chile consumed Banisteriopsis, a vine that contains harmine. This is the first direct archaeological evidence of hallucinogenic and medicinal ethnographic practices. Interestingly enough, this rainforest plant does not grow along the Atacama coast, thus our findings suggest extensive plant trade networks in antiquity as far as the Amazon.     

The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millennium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia

The microstructures and chemical compositions of some 55 Egyptian blue and green frit samples from New Kingdom Egypt and 15th century BC Mesopotamia are determined using analytical scanning electron microscopy, the main focus being on frit cakes, powder residues, and frit vessel and bead fragments from one of the “factory areas” at Amarna in Middle Egypt. Replicate Egyptian blue frits produced in the laboratory are similarly investigated. Comparison of the microstructures of the ancient and replicate samples suggest that frit cakes are the primary product, and that these were ground to produce the powder, and then moulded to shape and refired to produce the vessels and beads. Egyptian blue and green frits are shown to be distinct pigments, the pigment produced depending on the relative proportions of copper oxide and lime in the mixtures. The bulk and glass phase compositions are used to try to infer the different sources of the quartz, lime, copper and alkali flux used in the production of frits from Egypt and Mesopotamia. An estimate is made of the scale of production of Egyptian blue frit in New Kingdom Egypt.     

应用热裂解气相色谱质谱技术对六种蛋白质类胶结材料的分析与鉴别

利用在线甲基化水解-裂解气相色谱质谱(THM-Py-GC/MS)技术对古代壁画、彩绘等文物中常用的骨胶、皮胶、鱼鳔胶、蛋清、蛋黄和猪血等六种蛋白质类胶结材料进行分析,采用盖蒂保护研究所开发的RAdICAL系统对谱图进行解析,总结了每类材料的特征裂解产物。研究表明,吡咯类化合物,特别是吡咯、二吡咯二酮和哌嗪二酮类化合物可以作为骨胶和皮胶的识别组分,鱼鳔胶的识别组分除了上述吡咯类化合物之外,还包括胆固醇类化合物。吲哚类、血/蛋清标记物、磷酸三甲酯、脯氨酸类化合物是蛋清的识别组分。除了含有蛋清的4种识别成分之外,猪血的识别成分还包括胆固醇类化合物。蛋黄的识别组分是磷酸三甲酯、蛋黄标记物和胆固醇类化合物。最后利用主成分分析法(PCA)对福建省泉州市安海县龙山寺千手观音佛像上脱落的膜状残片的数据和六种蛋白质类胶结材料的数据进行解读,确定了膜状残片的蛋白质类有机材料为动物胶(骨胶或皮胶)和蛋清,证明PCA是一种有效的降维和可视化方法。本研究利用PCA技术对THM-Py-GC/MS数据进行分析解读,且结果可信,为之后该技术的发展提供新的契机。     

Silver production at al‐Radrad: archaeometallurgical analysis of ore,slag and technical ceramics from early medieval Yemen

The zinc‐lead‐silver deposit of al‐Jabali, about 65 km north‐east of Sana'a in Yemen, has been identified as the location of the late antique/Islamic period silver mine al‐Radrad. Exploitation of the mine is known from the account of al‐Hamdani, an Arab geographer of the tenth century AD. The al‐Jabali area has been the focus of geological and archaeometallurgical surveys, and extensive metallurgical remains have been discovered. Samples of ore, slag and technical ceramics were collected for archaeometallurgical analysis. The technology of silver production is discussed in relation to the historical record, and elemental and lead isotope characterisation of ore and slag provides a basis for future provenance studies.