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71.
Zhangqiaochu Yang Qiang Zhang Chao Zhu Yuni Xiao Bo Sun Wen Zeng Lin Guo Zhixing Yi Rong Fan Yongsheng Zhao 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2023,33(2):297-314
Jar burial is a particular burial practice generally used in the Neolithic period of China. However, the rarity of finding prenatal individuals limits the ability to study their treatment in jar burial contexts. In this paper, to study the postmortem treatment of this specific age further, we focus on three jar burials of infant individuals excavated in 2021 at the Gangshang site in China, where the skeletal remains were relatively well preserved. The skeletal remains of three well-preserved individuals are presented into inverted ceramic tripods near the residential area and with a crouched posture. In terms of this condition, we apply the osteometric method to estimate the range and mean of age at death for each individual investigated. Meanwhile, we use micro-computed tomography (CT) scans to help judge the degree of microbial bioerosion. Besides, histological analysis on skeletal remains combined with the Oxford Histological Index (OHI) assessment allows us to estimate the developmental stage at the time of death by analyzing the results of micro-CT scans. By using osteometric methods, the results show that the gestational age of the three individuals is 22–26, 24–28, and 22–26 weeks, respectively. The results of the micro-CT scans indicate that all three fetuses died shortly after birth, or had died in their mother's uterus before birth, with the OHI score of 5. Moreover, we indeed observe infant skeleton remains with no bacterial bioerosion, indicating that it is effective using this method to judge the developmental stage at the time of death with a specific taphonomic environment in the Gangshang site of the Dawenkou culture period. Combined with the placement of the jars in which the three infants were buried, it is believed that this unique placement method was intentional and specific to the infant deaths. These results are instructive for exploring the postmortem treatment of dead infants by ancient residents of the Dawenkou culture period (4200 bc –2600 bc ) in Shandong Province, China, and the significance and possible causes of the unique burial type. 相似文献
72.
Elise Mank Hans H. de Boer Judith M. Versluis Roelof-Jan Oostra Alie E. van der Merwe 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2023,33(1):128-135
Microcephaly, characterized by crania with an abnormally small occipitofrontal circumference (OFC), is only sporadically described in paleopathological literature. Accurate identification of individuals suffering from microcephaly is challenging when performed in an archeological context, especially in mild cases, as appropriate reference data are often not available. This study aimed to describe the craniometric characteristics of the Meerenberg (MeB) skeletal collection and to identify microcephalic individuals while focusing on the diagnostic criteria and the influence of reference data on the prevalence of the condition. The value of virtual endocasts as a diagnostic tool was also assessed. Forty-eight adults (1891–1936) excavated from the cemetery of the MeB psychiatric hospital (Bloemendaal, The Netherlands) were investigated. Microcephalic individuals were identified by using the craniometric characteristics of a contemporary Dutch archeological population as reference. In order to investigate the usefulness of modern clinical head circumference reference data on the diagnostic process, cranial OFCs of the MeB individuals were converted to head OFCs. Virtual endocasts were created from the identified microcephalics and three normocephalics. Three MeB females (all <−3 SD) were identified as microcephalic when compared with a sex-matched contemporary archeological reference sample. The same three MeB females were classified as microcephalic when using sex-matched modern clinical reference data and when applying −3 SD of the pooled sex archeological craniometric reference data as cut-off point. No individuals were classified as microcephalic based on the metric characteristics of the virtual endocasts. Microcephaly can only be accurately identified when using sex-matched contemporary population reference data, or in its absence, modern clinical data after soft tissue correction. Should sex estimation be unreliable, a –3 SD cut-off point generated using pooled sex reference data seems suitable as diagnostic tool. Virtual endocast did not support the identification of microcephaly in this study. 相似文献
73.
Aleksandra Wiśniewska Mikołaj Czajkowski 《International Journal of Cultural Policy》2019,25(4):445-457
While public support for culture has become a less self-evident privilege than in the past, the economic evidence for benefits a society gains from these goods has become essential for both cultural economics and cultural policy. The aim of our study is to investigate socially preferred ways of allocating scarce public resources among municipal theaters in Warsaw. The problem investigated is a current issue for local policy-making, but in a broader sense, it illustrates how state-of-the-art stated preference methods can be employed to support cultural policy. We find that inhabitants of Warsaw assign a positive value to the broader accessibility of the theaters, and their willingness to pay for making them a truly public good (by introducing a program of highly discounted tickets) exceeds the costs of such a policy. However, we also find that the cost-benefit relationship varies across theaters with different types of plays in their repertories. Our results imply a different level of socially efficient support for experimental, drama, children’s and entertainment theaters. 相似文献
74.
Svetlana Semenovna Tur Svetlana Vladimirovna Svyatko Marina Petrovna Rykun 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2019,29(1):144-148
Transverse basilar cleft (TBC) is a very rare congenital anomaly representing a coronal fissure completely or partially intersecting the basioccipital at the level of the pharyngeal tubercle. It is usually asymptomatic but can sometimes be part of a syndrome. Population frequencies of this anomaly are no more than 1%, with few exceptions. Two skulls with TBC were found in the Ayrydash 1 cemetery of Altai Mountains nomads, Russia, attributed to the Hunno‐Sarmatian period (2nd c. BC–5th c. AD). In this paper, we test the possibility of a familial relationship between the individuals who shared by this condition, using the Alt and Vach method for nonspatial analysis of skeletal kinship based on cranial and dental nonmetric traits. Results of the study show that the frequency of TBC is significantly higher in the Ayrydash 1 sample than in the rest of the skeletal population from the Hunno‐Sarmatian period (p < 0.05). This suggests that the individuals affected by TBC were most likely genetic relatives. The observed clustering of TBC and some other rare anomalies within local groups of Altai Mountains nomads appears to be due to parental consanguinity in their community. 相似文献
75.
William Berthon Balzs Tihanyi Luca Kis Lszl Rvsz Hlne Coqueugniot Olivier Dutour Gyrgy Plfi 《International Journal of Osteoarchaeology》2019,29(1):117-126
Horse riding is a human activity that has particularly interested bioanthropologists and paleopathologists working on the reconstruction of activities from skeletal changes in ancient populations. However, various sample and methodological limitations, such as the absence of direct evidence connecting the individuals and the activity, result in a lack of confidence regarding what changes should be included in the so‐called horse riding syndrome. Focusing on the ovalization of the acetabulum, regularly mentioned in literature, we analyzed comparative samples of presumed riders and non‐riders to evaluate its reliability for the identification of horse riding. We relied on a Hungarian Conquest period collection (10th century CE), including several individuals associated with horse riding equipment or horse bones in the graves. Direct and easily repeatable measurements were used to calculate an index of ovalization of the acetabulum (IOA). The index values were compared according to the presence or absence of archaeological deposit. An extra‐group of presumed non‐riders from the documented Luís Lopes Skeletal Collection (Lisbon) was used for comparison. Early Hungarians buried with horse‐related grave goods exhibited a higher overall IOA compared with the ones without and those known not to ride (p = 0.049 in the latter case, with left and right values combined). Our results suggest that the ovalization of the acetabulum may indeed be a promising indicator to be included in a set of markers for horse riding. The analysis of further different types of pathological and nonpathological skeletal changes (e.g., joint and entheseal changes) will contribute to a more reliable identification of horse riders in anthropological collections. 相似文献
76.
77.
Huai River, the third longest river in China, runs parallel with and between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. It is the passageway for cultural communication between Northern and Southern China as well as an important distribution range of rice and millet mixed farming. Along the upper Huai River Valley, domestic pigs were discovered about 9,000 years ago at Jiahu. Nevertheless, chronological changes regarding strategies of pig utilization and husbandry in subsequent periods along the whole Huai River Valley are still ambiguous. Thus, this current study integrating zooarchaeological and stable isotopic approaches on faunal assemblage from Neolithic Houjiazhai(7,300–5,200 cal BP) along the middle Huai River Valley was performed to discuss related issues. Our results indicate that (1) hunting and fishing activities contributed almost equally to human meat sources as the domestic pig and (2) domestic pigs were most likely kept in a free‐range manner and foraged around human residences as their wild counterparts did. Dietary differences of ancient Sus populations among sites from the Central Plain area and the Huai River Valley were observed, which were closely linked to crop cultivation and abundance of wild animal resources. This stimulated us to consider the diversities in terms of pig husbandry strategy in ancient China. 相似文献
78.
79.
Ma. Magdalena Antczak Andrzej T. Antczak Miguel Lentino 《Environmental Archaeology》2019,24(2):161-181
ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of the analyses of 3793 bird remains archaeologically recovered from seven late pre-Hispanic sites (～AD 1000–1500) on islands of the Venezuelan Caribbean. In order to address subsistence and manufacturing uses of bird bones, we first discuss the recovery process of this unique sample. We proceed to investigate the bones' archaeological contexts as well as the taphonomy in play and analyze diverse bone categories. We found that indigenous peoples consistently targeted several families of birds for food or feathers or both, and that avian bones were used for fashioning tools and adornments. We also discuss possible signatures of island campsite seasonal occupancy as inferred from the bio-ecology of the identified bird taxa. The data suggest that the differentiation of nesting grounds between the Red-footed and Brown Booby in the Southeastern Caribbean may be a result of anthropogenically-induced adaptation. The findings discussed in this paper open challenging avenues for assessing long-term changes in bird communities including the dynamics of resident and wintering bird populations. 相似文献
80.
Katarzyna Zechenter 《Central Europe》2019,17(2):93-109
ABSTRACTUsing Jeffrey C. Alexander’s theory of cultural trauma, this article focuses on the three major types of narratives of suffering which appeared in Polish fiction, after Poland regained political independence in 1918, outside the strong myth-creating narrative of the Polish Legions’ role in the war for independence. It argues that Polish post-1918 fiction developed these three major paths in the face of suffering inflicted on Polish lands, during WWI and Polish-Soviet War. These paths were to: 1) continue the narrative of Polish suffering within the framework of heroic, and selfless, sacrifice for Poland that has been well established since Romanticism; 2) present suffering as the universal fate of humanity outside the notion of national identity, due to the monstrosity of modern bureaucratic systems wherein human beings are treated as objects; and 3) present suffering as the result of modern warfare, but told outside of “patriotic phraseology” – thus suggesting a growing need as to finding a solution to national conflicts outside narrowly defined identities. 相似文献