采用物候学研究历史气候方法问题的讨论——答《再论唐代长江上游地区的荔枝分布北界及其与气温波动的关系》一文

根据成都、万州等地区长时段的历史文献记载和现在植物状况来看,唐代这两个地区是应该有荔枝生长的。三种分布类型都应有气候学的指示意义,只是在显现气候指示程度上有差异。所以,成都和万州荔枝的生长分布有一定气候指示意义。区域小气候是受大的气候背景变化影响的,只是由于小区域的自然差异会左右受大气变化影响的程度。所以,长江上游荔枝分布是可以指示气候的。历史气候的研究应树立宏观、长时段的研究视角,重视田野考察,讲求逻辑思维,充分利用现代科技手段。     

培育和发展青海战略性新兴产业

青海省在新能源、节能环保、新材料、生物育种等方面己具备一定的产业基础,拥有一定的生产规模,具备了培育和发展战略性新兴产业的后发优势。文章就如何在这些新领域率先进行突破,并把这些突破作为培育战略性新兴产业的方向,进一步带动青海产业结构的战略性调整进行了探讨,并提出了对策建议。     

初中历史教学如何体现艺术性

科学的、适当的教学方法,是新的教育教学理念的具体体现,是达成教学目标的具体途径。教师应在充分掌握本学科特点的基础上,使学生自觉的、多方面捕获历史信息,增强学生的兴趣和提高学生的积极性,形成健全的人格和健康的审美情趣,为树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观打下良好的基础。     

Developmental Defects in the Spine: Initial Findings in Archaeological Cases from Córdoba Highlands (Argentina)

Congenital disorders are pathologies rarely found in archaeological cases. In recent years, however, there has been an increase in the number of reported cases, and a growing interest in understanding their development and implication as genetic markers within certain collections. In the central region of Argentina, researchers have begun to focus on issues related to the health of prehispanic populations from a bioarchaeological perspective. Between 1999 and 2012 our research group recovered, by rescue archaeological activities, a total number of 62 individuals from different archaeological sites in the province of Córdoba, from which only three individuals with pathologies classified as congenital were recorded (4.83%). Radiocarbon and contextual information sets these individuals in the late Holocene (2156 ± 86 and 920 ± 20 ¹⁴C years BP). Hence, this work aims at presenting two pathological conditions deriving from congenital developmental abnormalities that arise during the first three months of pregnancy: (a) Klippel–Feil syndrome (type II) which was suffered by the individuals from the sites of Guasmara and El Vado, and (b) central sagittal fissure of the vertebral body or ‘butterfly vertebra’ as in the case of one individual from La Calera. We also analyse other lesions in these skeletons that may be associated with the conditions mentioned above, and we provide a thorough interpretation from an osteobiographical perspective. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

柬埔寨吴哥石窟建筑结构形式及其破坏特征分析

柬埔寨吴哥石窟的文物建筑规模宏大．保存完整,蕴含极高的历史、艺术和科学价值,足著名的世界史化遗产,在世界建筑史上占有重要的地位。本研究从结构工程的角度,介绍了吴哥石窟建筑结构形式．并在现场勘察的基础上简述了吴哥石窟建筑破坏的类型,即结构破坏与材料破坏两种类型,在保护修复中,应针对不同的破坏肜式采取相应的技术措施。     

河南焦作出土的汉代简式陶仓楼

焦作市出土的简式陶仓楼明显地反映了焦作地区出土的陶仓楼从豪华走向简易,从繁荣走向衰退的过程。简式陶仓楼的出土,为研究东汉中晚期的社会经济、建筑结构、丧葬习俗提供了宝贵的实物资料。     

Factors affecting Early Stone Age cut mark cross-sectional size: implications from actualistic butchery trials

Early Stone Age cut marks are byproducts of hominins' tool-assisted animal carcass consumption and provide a potential avenue of inference into the paleoecology of hominin carnivory. If diagnostic cut mark characteristics can be linked to flake and core tool use or the completion of distinct butchery actions, it may be possible to infer ancient tool preferences, reconstruct the consumption of specific muscular tissues, and illuminate landscape-scale stone resource use. Recently, diagnostic morphological criteria including cut mark width and depth have been used to identify marks made by different classes of experimental and archaeological stone tools (Bello, S.M., Parfitt, S.A., Stringer, C., 2009. Quantitative micromorphological analyses of cut marks produced by ancient and modern handaxes. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 1869–1880; de Juana, S., Galan, A.B., Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., 2010. Taphonomic identification of cut marks made with lithic handaxes: an experimental study. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1841–1850; Dominguez-Rodrigo, M., de Juana, S., Galan, A. B., Rodriguez, M., 2009. A new protocol to differentiate trampling marks from butchery cut marks. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2643–2654). The work presented here adds to this experimental butchery database by using measurements of cut mark cross-section taken from bone surface molds to investigate how stone tool characteristics including flake versus core tool type, edge angle, and tool weight, influence cut mark width and depth, ultimately testing whether cut mark size is a useful indicator of tool identity. Additionally, these experiments investigate the influence of contextual factors, including butchery action, carcass size, and bone density on cut mark size. An experienced butcher used replicated Oldowan flakes and bifacial core tools in experimental trials that isolated skinning, bulk and scrap muscle defleshing, and element disarticulation cut marks on goat and cow skeletons. This sample explores cut mark traces generated under realistic butchery scenarios and suggests the following results: 1) Core and flake tools were equally efficient at completing all butchery tasks in size 1 and 3 bovid carcasses. 2) Samples of cut mark width and depth produced by core and flake tools were similar and cut marks could not be accurately classified to a known tool type. 3) Skinning and disarticulation activities produced significantly wider and deeper marks than defleshing activities. 4) Cut marks on cows tended to be wider and deeper than those on goats. 5) Cut mark width is negatively correlated with bone density when carcass size and bone portion are taken into consideration. These results suggest that a general quantitative model for inferring tool type or edge characteristics from archaeological cut mark size is not warranted.     

A Study on the Elemental Composition of Chinese Mise Type Wares from Different Periods and Kilns

A large number of porcelain shards were unearthed at the Hehuaxin and Silongkou kilns around the Shanglin Lake, Ningbo, China, some of which had clear stratification to enable the determination of the date of firing. With the purpose of studying the elemental composition in different cultural periods and between kilns, the chemical compositions of 43 typical shards from these two kilns were determined by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The results show that the mean contents of K₂O, CaO and MnO in the glaze fluctuate in different cultural periods at the Hehuaxin kiln, but not systematically. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that samples from the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song dynasty are similar to each other. This shows continuity in the raw materials and firing technology between the two dynasties. Comparing the mise type wares from the Hehuaxin and Silongkou kilns in the Northern Song dynasty, we found that MnO and ZrO₂ in the glaze can be used as fingerprinting elements to distinguish between samples from these two sites. In spite of this, their chemical compositions are broadly similar. Thus, perhaps, their chemical compositions can be taken as typical for those of the mise type wares produced around the Shanglin Lake.     

试论四川地区战国墓中的青铜工具

四川地区战国墓葬所出土的青铜器中最具特色的是巴蜀风格的容器与兵器。此外 ,在这些墓葬中普遍随葬青铜工具的现象也是不可忽视的。四川地区的战国墓葬中一般均有青铜工具出土。 (详见表一 ) ① 即使不出青铜工具 ,也会出土一些铁质工具。如大邑五龙乡土坑墓就出土有铁斧、铁环首刀等 ② 。四川地区战国墓中出土的青铜工具 ,不仅数量多、分布广 ,而且种类丰富。现根据已有资料 ,对战国时期四川地区青铜工具的型式演变、年代分期、功用及相关问题谈一点初步认识 ,以求正于各位同仁。一、青铜工具的型式四川地区的战国墓中出土的青铜工具主要…     

谈庙底沟类型

本文通过文化因素的对比分析,试图对庙底沟类型的分布范围加以重新界定。文章认为,庙底沟类型应当属于华渭文化区的一个地域类型,其分布区域主要在豫西、晋西南以及晋中一带,关中地区的同期遗存为泉护类型。而郑洛地区、南阳盆地与鄂西北地区以及内蒙古中南部地区的同期遗存,显然都已不属于庙底沟类型的范畴。