政治因素与世界交通运输的发展和布局

本文总结了世界交通运输发展和布局变化中政治因素的种种表现及其作用,指出:交通运输的发展与布局是产生国际和国内政治经济联系的基础。同时,在这种联系基础上的各种政治因素又深刻地影响和制约着世界交通运输的发展与布局。而且,政治因素的这种影响作用会日益加剧。     

论明世宗对蒙"绝贡"政策与嘉靖年间的农牧文化冲突

明朝曾采取允许周边各少数民族首领定期朝贡、明廷给以丰厚的赏赐并可在会同馆进行一定程度的互市贸易的政策,由此而形成明代的朝贡体制。但在嘉靖年间,明世宗顽固地拒绝和蒙古通贡互市,以至从嘉靖十一年（1532）以后,整个北边防线战争不断,终于酿成京城被围的“庚戌之变”。明世宗对蒙“绝贡”政策是违背历史大势的非常有害的错误政策,它给明蒙双方都造成了极大的危害,制约了明代历史的发展。     

商周贵族饮食活动中的观念形态与饮食礼制

贵族的饮食礼制深刻地影响着商周时期的社会生活。饮食和制不仅与权力、等级有着密切的联系,而且随着时代的发展,进一步与古老的阴阳思想相结合,在现念意识领域中占据了重要的地位。     

Wörter und Bilder in der österreichisch‐ungarischen Philosophie: Von Palágyi zu Wittgenstein

The thesis according to which technologies of communication have implications not just for the form, but also for the content and indeed for the overall logic of what is being communicated rests on a set of general philosophical assumptions as regards the relation between thought and its medium. The paper shows that formulating these assumptions, and elaborating them, has been a characteristic concern of Austro‐Hungarian philosophy; that between the philosophers who played a role in the relevant endeavours there obtained significant, sometimes mutual, influences; and that Austro‐Hungarian realities ‐ basically, the phenomenon of disturbed communication within the Habsburg Empire ‐ had a marked effect on their thought.     

明清漕运与淮安天妃信仰的变迁

淮安地区的天妃宫最早建于南宋,来源于福建籍军士征戍两淮的地域流动,此后天妃宫庙在淮安地区的空间展布与当地河道变迁密切相关。山阳、清河的个案研究表明旧城天妃宫曾作为一亦游亦祀的胜境,国家漕粮的转运导致了淮安地区天妃信仰中心的转换,清口惠济祠逐渐成为运河沿线的重要天妃宫庙,从天妃宫到惠济祠的转移,与山阳、清河城市变迁的轨迹基本一致。官方对天妃神灵的标榜和塑造,使惠济祠内呈现泰山娘娘与天妃混祀的信仰生态,而对其庙会的分析则显示出民间信仰意涵的延展。     

On-line Model Updating in Hybrid Simulation Tests

Hybrid simulation has emerged as a relatively accurate and efficient tool for the evaluation of structural response under earthquake loading. In conventional hybrid simulation the response of a few critical components is obtained by testing while the numerical module is assumed to follow an analytical idealization. Where there is a much larger number of analytical components compared to the experimental parts, the overall response may be dominated by the idealized parts hence the value of hybrid simulation is diminished. It is proposed to modify the material constitutive relationship of the numerical model during the test, based on the data obtained from the physically tested component. An approach based on genetic algorithms is utilized as an optimization tool to identify the constitutive relationship parameters used in updating the numerical model. The proposed model updating approach is verified through two analytical examples of steel and reinforced concrete frames. The results show the effectiveness of the updating process in minimizing the errors, compared to the assumed exact solution.     

Displacement-Based Design of an Energy Dissipating System for Seismic Upgrading of Existing Masonry Structures

A displacement-based method for the design of an energy dissipating system is proposed in this article. The device, which is composed of added concrete walls equipped with hysteretic Added Damping and Stiffness (ADAS) dampers, is aimed at upgrading the seismic behavior of existing masonry structures. The design method is based upon a simplified model of the overall structure-dissipating system. The proposed displacement-based design procedure was tested by means of inelastic response-time history analyses considering different masonry structures. The results of the analyses were compared with the seismic behavior expected from the design.     

农业和文明起源

文明起源在考古学上是一个复杂的问题,牵涉到人类社会的许多方面。其中一个重要方面就是农业。本文试图强调农业对文明起源所起的推动作用,并提出一些有关农业考古的看法,希望对目前正在进行的中华文明探源工程和类似课题有所帮助。     

中国现代史学科体系的建立与发展——以王桧林主编的北京师范大学版《中国现代史》教材为例

中国现代史学科体系是在与党史和革命史体系逐渐区别开来的过程中初步确立和发展起来的。李新等人主编的《中国新民主主义革命时期通史》奠定了中国现代史的基本框架。王桧林主编的北京师大版《中国现代史》继承和发展了这一框架。它的撰写、修改、趋向完备是和中国现代史学科的形成密切结合着的,它所提出的“三条道路、两个斗争、一个结局”的中国社会的演变规律为史学界所公认,它为中国现代史学科体系的初步建立和发展做出了贡献。     

Maritime Durées: Long-Term Structures in a Coastal Landscape

The interaction between humans and the maritime coastal landscape must be one of the central theoretical questions for maritime archaeology. How should an academic discipline, which is defined by its studies in a certain physical milieu, avoid the trap of environmental determinism and still be able to argue for the special influence of the maritime factor? And how should this long-term relation to the sea be interpreted and described? In this article, based mainly on material from the central Swedish Baltic Sea coast, three examples of long-term structures regarding the relationship between people and the sea are discussed. The structures, here called “maritime durees”, which almost all coastal habitants in the analyzed area seem to have had in common are linked to: exploitation of marine resources, communication over water and the mental presence of the sea. In conclusion the actual meaning of these long-term structures for everyday life and for cultural and social change are discussed in comparison to more short term structures: the changing historical circumstances and possibilities for people to choose different strategies.