The Neolithic of the eastern Baltic

This survey of the Baltic Neolithic, from Vistula to the Gulf of Finland, highlights the results of research during the last 30 years. The primary Baltic Neolithic is represented by two indigenous cultures, Narva and Nemunas. Their hunting, fishing, and gathering subsistence strategies gradually expanded to include domesticated plants and animals. The Comb-and-Pit Ornamented Pottery, Globular Amphora, Corded Ware, Bay Coast, and Boat-Axe cultures are also described. Within the Baltic Neolithic, I emphasize the origin, technology, economy, settlement, ritual, ethnic origins, and relationships among the various Neolithic populations. There is then a discussion of the origin of the Baltic linguistic group (Latvian, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian); this is associated with the appearance of the Late Neolithic Corded Ware culture, whose people integrated with local populations, leading to the development of the Bay Coast culture. Late Neolithic developments are associated with the Finno-Ugrian linguistic group in the northern Baltic.     

Die Komplementarität von interner und externer Wissenschaftsgeschichte

In studies of the history of science two apparently diverging ‘ideal types’ can be distinguished. The internal analysis relies on methodology and on the philosophy of science and concentrates on the cognitive system and on the sequence of theories. The external analysis relies on sociology, the history of institutions, biographies, etc. and concentrates on the social system and on the interrelationship between science and society. Neither of the two approaches can claim to cover the whole truth and to give the only possible (causal) explanation, The cognitive content of scientific theories and the social process of bringing about and using them are by their very nature complementary.     

Italy during the Rhine Crisis of 1840

The paper addresses the impact of the Rhine Crisis of 1840 on Italian countries and explains the role they played in the European State System when the Continent seemed to be on the eve of a general war. As the paper attempts to prove, the crisis seriously alarmed the ruling classes as well as the general public and revealed the internal problems of the Italian countries as well as their deep distrust towards the egotistic and self-serving policies of the Great Powers. The paper therefore introduces the history of Italy during late 1840 within the wider context of European diplomatic history and serves as a probe into the history of the European State System during the Pre-March period in general.     

The defence of the Holy Land and the memory of the Maccabees

This article explores the evolving use of Maccabaean ideas in sources concerning the conduct of Christian holy warfare between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries. It demonstrates that the memory of the Maccabees and other Old Testament exemplars played an important role in shaping the idea of crusading and its subsequent evolution to encompass new frontiers in the Baltic and Iberia, as well as structural developments in crusading, such as the establishment of the military orders.     

先秦姓氏制度研究的历史回顾与展望

先秦姓氏制度研究的历史大致可区划为三个不同时期:第一个时期,从春秋、战国至清末。此时尚处于先秦姓氏制度研究的初创时期。第二个时期,从19世纪20年代至70年代末。此时进入了我国先秦姓氏制度研究的转折时期。第三个时期,从19世纪80年代初至90年代末。此时是我国先秦姓氏制度研究的重要发展时期。就目前先秦姓氏制度研究的状况而言,虽然正走向全面的发展时期,但研究还远不够深入、系统、全面,其中还有许多问题亟待我们去探讨研究。     

两晋南北朝涪陵郡置废、州属、领县杂考

古今沿革地理著述中,对两晋南北朝时期涪陵郡的置废、州属、领县等情况的记述,多有不实之处。实际情况是,西晋后期涪陵郡已由梁州还属益州,至南齐时仍属益州。涪陵郡在成汉前期仍由晋朝控制,在成汉后期成为争战之地,建置难以持久,最后被少数民族首领控制。东晋平定成汉后,在巴郡枳县设涪陵郡,属于侨郡,但不久恢复了实郡,以后各朝仍置涪陵郡。晋、宋涪陵郡的领县数目难以确认,但涪陵县及其以北的汉葭、汉平县当为其辖县。梁朝时,当地少数民族又脱离朝廷控制,梁至北周涪陵郡仅领汉平一县。涪陵郡曾寄治于巴郡枳县,但枳县始终都属于巴郡,而不曾为涪陵郡属县。     

对清代朝贡体制地位的再认识

长期以来朝贡制度被认为是古代中国与边疆民族及周边国家和地区交往的惟一持久而普遍的关系,但却忽视了这一制度本身的发展特点,尤其忽视了朝贡制度在明清两代的差别。本文认为,清代虽然延续了明代的朝贡制度,但实质已经转化为一种处理与周边国家关系的政治方式,剔除了明代中原王朝与边疆民族之间、中国与西洋诸国之间形成的藩属关系,且朝贡中的贸易性质也远不同于明朝。本文对学术界混淆朝贡体制与朝贡贸易体制的观点进行了批驳,阐述了清代朝贡体制的地位与特点。     

齐量制刍议

齐国量制本以升、豆、区、釜、钟为单位,从战国开始发生急剧变化,与其他诸侯国量制趋于统一,"斗"进入齐国量制系统。这一过程并非是突然发生的,"斗"初始用"/卮"来指称,在《考工记》中"豆"这一旧量单位被借用来表示"斗",直到战国末期"斗"方正式成为标准量制单位。     

THE ANTHROPOCENE AND THE PLANET

Dipesh Chakrabarty's The Climate of History in a Planetary Age is, in three respects, far more than a synthesis of over a decade of pioneering conceptual work aimed at making sense of the Anthropocene/planetary predicament and its implications for historical understanding. First, the book makes visible an intellectual trajectory in which Chakrabarty's conceptual struggles with the Anthropocene gradually move from the centrality of the notion of the Anthropocene toward the centrality of the notion of the planet. Second, it highlights the relational complexities with which one needs to grapple when trying to make sense of the current predicament. Third, and finally, the book showcases a series of often overlapping conceptual distinctions that Chakrabarty has developed while navigating these complexities. Through a discussion of the above key aspects, this review essay highlights the achievements of The Climate of History in a Planetary Age and critically engages with its central themes. In dialogue with the book, it pays special attention to exploring the respective benefits and drawbacks of the notions of the Anthropocene and the planet, and to the character and role of human agency in the Anthropocene/planetary predicament. Finally, the essay concludes with a few thoughts concerning the question of what kind of a reinvention of historical understanding might be triggered, respectively, by the notions of the Anthropocene and the planet.     

珲春综合运输网络系统布局设想

在分析珲春运输网现状特点基础上,论述了建设以防川港为核心,以日本海周边三大港口系列及陆路运输网络为支持系统的综合运输体系的布局构想,提出了以防川为枢纽、陆海一元化的亚欧陆桥运输体系的建设途径。