南京粤军阵亡将士墓九十年祭

民国元年广东北伐军为主体的东线北伐的胜利,对于捍卫南京临时政府、促使清帝退位,起了重要的作用。今年3月,是南京粤军阵亡将士墓建墓90周年。为了存史,本就粤军的兴建、征战、墓冢、勋绩,分别作了考证,藉以缅怀革命先烈。     

《新四军军部在皖南》序言

本书把新四军军部在皖南三年的历史,从当时的大背景中去考察和研究,力求反映事物的本来面目,寓评论于客观历史的记述之中。军部在皖南,而新四军的活动不只是在皖南,军部指挥下的各个支队主要是在大江南北敌后地区作战,这是本书的记述范围。本书系统地记述了中国共产党如何坚持对新四军的绝对领导,新四军军部如何加强各方面的工作,不断提高全军的战斗力、促进全军的建设和发展,着重反映军部在皖南三年的特色和优势。强调指出,不能因为项英应对皖南事变有过错而抹煞他在新四军组建和发展中的贡献,更不能因为皖南事变的失败而淡化甚至抹煞新四军军部在皖南三年的伟大建树和光辉业绩。新四军的历史(军部在皖南是前期,军部在苏北是后期)是一个发展过程。没有前期的工作基础,也就不可能有后期的更加辉煌。     

元朝西南军粮的筹措

灭亡南宋（1279年）之后,元朝在西南地区用兵不断。西南恶劣的气候地理环境使得军粮供给困难。再加上军官侵渔,元军经常发生缺粮现象。为筹措军粮,元朝政府主要采取了四种措施：一,征用百姓将粮食调运至西南地区;二,在西南地区开展屯田缓解供应压力;三,通过赋税的转移与增收来增加西南地区税粮收入和购买粮食的本钱;四,采用入中法解决边粮的运输问题。     

吴长庆与袁世凯关系述论

吴长庆是淮军名将、儒将,是1882年中国军队成功平定朝鲜壬午兵变、稳定朝鲜社会秩序的军事统帅.吴长庆与袁世凯叔祖袁甲三、嗣父袁保庆及袁世凯本人有着三代世交关系.青年袁世凯投军吴长庆部,受到吴长庆的特别关照和精心培养,脱颖而出,迅速成长为一名优秀青年将领.吴长庆与袁世凯关系密切,袁世凯对吴长庆的恩情铭记在心.     

对南明永历政权之考量

明末统治阶级的横征暴敛及连年自然灾害,促使农民大起义暴发。李自成农民义军攻入北京,推翻明王朝后,紧接着吴三桂引清军入关。随着全国社会主要矛盾的急剧变化,农民起义军由原之反对明王朝统治转为联合明宗室所建南明政权共同抗清斗争。     

北洋时期参战军(边防军)、西北边防军研究

随着直皖矛盾激化,段祺瑞为了维持在北京政府中的地位及完成南北统一,以中国对德宣战参加一战为契机,在日本的经济和军事援助下,编练了参战军(一战结束后改称边防军)。约同一时期,皖系干将徐树铮编练了西北边防军。1920年直皖战争爆发,边防军和西北边防军均不同程度卷入。皖系战败后,两军除少数阵亡,部分被遣散外,余部被直奉瓜分,最终归于消亡。     

‘Raw Individualists’: American Soldiers on the Bataan Death March Reconsidered

Abstract

The Bataan Death March has entered historical consciousness as one of the four great Japanese atrocities during WWII. Along with the Rape of Nanjing, the Burma-Siam Death Railway, and the Rape of Manila, it stands as one of the ultimate measures of twentieth-century wartime barbarity. Both primary and secondary sources share a central preoccupation with Japanese behaviour and therefore assume American prisoners were little more than a passive presence during this episode. In this essay I examine the Bataan Death March from a new vantage point, asking salient questions that lead to modi?ed understanding: who were these Americans, and what kind of soldiers, at war’s dawn for the US, did they make? What features of their cultural make-up help explain their behaviour? What were the fault lines in the allied, Filipino-American force that faced the Japanese Army? This article explores the numerous problems the American forces in the Philippines faced: the hybrid nature of the army, the tension between career soldiers and recent draftees and poor training and leadership. These problems, American soldiers’ cultural predisposition, and military inexperience all combined to render them signi?cantly more vulnerable to Japanese cruelty on the Death March than they otherwise would have been.     

敦煌归义军曹氏统治者为粟特后裔说

848— 10 3 6年间以敦煌为中心存在的归义军政权 ,大体上可以分成两个阶段 ,以 914年为界 ,前期由张氏家族掌权 ,后期由曹氏掌权。前后期的归义军政权 ,在内政和外交等方面 ,有许多明显的不同 ,迄今没有圆满的解说。本文提出曹氏统治者出自粟特后裔 ,并从敦煌粟特曹姓的来源、粟特人担任归义军要职的情况、曹氏与回鹘于阗的联姻、粟特人在曹氏政权中的地位等方面加以论证 ,从而对曹氏政权的特性及其对敦煌历史的贡献 ,给予了比较合理的说明     

The Use of Menthol as Temporary Consolidant in the Excavation of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army

Temporary consolidation is widely used to protect delicate artefacts or other fragile relics in art conservation. Although cyclododecane is extensively accepted, the safety‐related issues have become an increasing concern and its short working time is always annoying. Inspired by its low melting point, polar structure, well‐established safety profile, easy local availability and low cost, we propose menthol as a new temporary consolidant on the new excavation site of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army. In this paper, we offer a preliminarily exploration of the kinetics of menthol sublimation on two different matrices, its residue after volatilization, its penetrability and distribution in simulated terracotta samples, as well as other important properties in the laboratory. The results obtained from these tests reveal that the sublimation of menthol can be a zero‐ or a first‐order process, depending on the porosity of the matrices, and its best operational temperature resides in the range of 60–80°C. Finally, two field cases at the archaeological site of Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army are presented to show that menthol is a very effective temporary consolidant.     

War Time Hysteria, 1917: Senator Miles Poindexter, ‘American-ness’ and the Strange Case of Colonel Carl Reichmann*

When, on 6 April 1917, the United States entered into the First World War, a wave of anti-German sentiment captured the nation. The Army was not immune from accusations of subversion. In 1917 Senator Miles Poindexter accused a high ranking officer named Carl Reichmann of being in league with Germany. Despite the support from officers such as Hugh Lennox Scott and John J. Pershing, Reichmann was not permitted a promotion to general or service in France. Although most senators supported the promotion, Poindexter was able to prevent a vote on the subject using internal Senate rules. The resulting notoriety Poindexter gained made him a viable Republican candidate in the 1920 election. Although the military did not prevail over Poindexter — thereby continuing the constitutional expectation of military subservience to the civil government — the forces sent to France were without a commander who had gained a scholarly understanding of modern warfare well before the actual conflict.