11—17世纪俄国对日本的早期认识

深入研究俄日早期的相互认识是探寻俄日关系历史的重要途径,更是把握两国关系前景和领土之争的关键。研究俄日关系史就应该回到两国发生接触的源头。6—17世纪俄国主要通过东方阿拉伯国家、蒙元(中国)等第三方积累起对日本的早期认识。人文主义思潮涌现后,随着科学知识的普及和西方探险、游历活动的开展,俄国人对日认识不断更新和拓展。这些早期认识为俄日的正式建交提供了潜在助力。从17世纪开始,伴随俄国的远东疆土开发,俄国获取日本之消息的渠道趋于直接而畅通。本文立足于广阔的历史时空,从地理和文化关系入手,考察俄国对日本从模糊、片段式的了解到逐渐准确、详细的认知过程;从历史地理学角度呈现俄日早期关系的发端。     

渠丘邑城刍测

莒南涝坡镇城子遗址的发现,为探讨春秋莒国渠丘的地望提供了可信的依据。     

试论楚国铁器的使用和发展

我国出土的早期铁器大都集中于楚国,目前出土的楚国早期铁器从上个世纪70年代的10余件增加到40余件,时代上限从春秋晚期上溯到了春秋中期。楚国最早的铁器发现在今鄂西,开始使用的铁器主要为农具,还有一些小型利器。至春秋晚期,楚国已有了锻造的铁器。楚国铁器,从战国初开始容器变大,刀剑变长,新器形大量出现。到战国中期,精工铁器和铜铁合铸的铁足铜鼎流行。楚国大约从春秋中期开始冶铁、用铁,到春战之交,社会已进入了铁器时代。     

孙觉《春秋经解》四库本讹误考析

以四库本为代表的孙觉《春秋经解》“十三卷”本第一、二卷内容全部冒用自孙复《春秋尊王发微》第一、二卷,这是导致史籍记载该书卷数有“十三”、“十五”卷之差异的原因所在。此“十三卷”本的讹误应当出现在宋宁宗嘉定丙子年(1226)汪纲补修之后、王应麟《玉海》著录之前这一段时期内,可能是因该书残缺而为人“访合”的结果。该书(并其《提要》)被清廷四库全书处送交“聚珍处”的抄本当是纪昀家藏本,很可能“聚珍处”在校对刊印时发现了其中的错讹,遂删改、取用原《提要》而刊印了另外一种版本,这是聚珍本不同于四库本的原因所在。     

Tunnel engineering in the Iron Age: geoarchaeology of the Siloam Tunnel,Jerusalem

The Siloam Tunnel (ST) is the best-identified biblical structure that can be entered today. We use geological, structural, and chemical features of ST and its internal deposits to show that it is an authentic engineering project, without any pre-existing natural conduit that could have guided its excavators. Radiometrically and historically dated to ∼700 BCE, ST pinpoints the technological advance in leveling techniques that was essential for the construction of such a long tunnel without intermediate shafts. A combination of geological and archaeological evidence demonstrates that the circuitous route of ST and the final meeting of the two excavating teams are associated with continuous modifications of the plan to allow acoustic communication between hewers and the surface teams. Hydraulic plaster was applied throughout the tunnel in order to seal voids of dissolution and tectonic origin. Organic material accidentally entrapped in the plaster was carbon 14 dated, and speleothems were dated by U–Th, both corroborating the historic and epigraphic evidence ascribing the engineering advance in tunneling techniques to the Judahite King Hezekiah.     

再议辉县琉璃阁春秋大墓的国别

本文通过对琉璃阁春秋大墓随葬青铜器形制和纹饰的排比分析,对其年代进行了推断;根据墓葬规模以及随葬礼乐器的规格对墓主身份进行了分析。同时,结合相关历史文献记载,论证了墓主应为春秋中晚期晋国的范氏卿族。     

论“孔子未作《春秋》”说的生成逻辑

面对两千多年以来"孔子作《春秋》"之成说,20世纪20年代以顾颉刚、钱玄同为首的疑古派力倡"孔子未作《春秋》"说,此说竟在近一个世纪内风靡学术界,至今仍不乏持论者。然而,内置于这一论点形成和推证整个历史过程的深层逻辑,实际上是一种"指向性历史构境",是由对史料的截断式去取或臆解误读造成的。这种构境已经超出了史学研究"适度的想象"的范围,带有明显的主观蓄意性;欲在理论上加固这一推理逻辑的尝试同样是不能成立的。     

Review Article: Technology and Culture during the First Climacteric

In 1953 Israel abandoned the ‘defensive–offensive’ military strategy that it had adopted four years earlier, in the wake of the First Arab–Israeli War, in favor of an ‘offensive–defensive’ military strategy that, to a large extent, persists until this day. This paper, which employs previously untapped Israeli official documents, personal interviews, memoirs, biographies, and secondary sources, casts new light on this critical juncture in the history of Israel and the Arab–Israeli conflict. The paper challenges existing works by showing when and how Israel's ‘offensive–defensive’ military strategy was adopted. More specifically, the authors argue that it was the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), especially its planning bodies - and not the Prime Minister and Defense Minister, David Ben Gurion, or the IDF's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Moshe Dayan - that initiated this change, and that the new strategy met no objection when it was discussed and approved by the Israeli government. The authors also inquire about the possible implications of this change for Israel and the Arab–Israeli conflict, and ask how this case informs general debates regarding the origins of military strategies.     

关于《春秋左传注》中《春秋》名称的辨正

《春秋》名称问题是春秋学史上的一大公案,久讼未决。当今有代表性的学者周予同之《群经概论》、蒋伯潜之《十三经概论》、杨伯峻之《春秋左传注》皆采晋杜预“错举四时”说,在学术界影响很大,几成定论。实则杜说不确。本文从天文学与民族学视角出发,并利用古代文献资料与历代学者研究成果,证明古代先有春秋二季,后出现春夏秋冬四时。年含春秋二季,春秋即代表一年。此是史书称《春秋》之源,与“错举四时”说无关。     

春秋时代五等爵制的存留及其破坏

西周、春秋时期,诸侯列爵五等：公、侯、伯、子、男。五等爵是分封制度下诸侯的法定身份。西周时期,诸侯阶层内部依据五等爵规定的等级制原则分配权力、财富并确立对天子承担的不同义务。迨至春秋,五等爵仍被奉为重要的外交准则,对列国的朝聘会盟活动发挥一定的影响。然而,随着天子的衰微和诸侯的强大．春秋列国开始依据实力强弱进行权力和财富的再分配,五等爵原有的政治功能逐渐丧失。战国时代,五等爵制退出了历史舞台。