The late adoption of cattle and pig husbandry in Neolithic Central Turkey

This paper summarizes and interprets zooarchaeological evidence for cattle and pig domestication in Neolithic Central Anatolia. Biometric and demographic data indicate that domestic cattle first appear in the region in the late seventh millennium cal BC while domestic pigs are not evident until the mid fifth millennium. This places the origins of cattle and pig husbandry in Central Anatolia considerably later than in neighboring regions. Reasons for this delay in the spread of productive animal husbandry practices are explored.     

关于加快青海生态畜牧业发展的思考

在实现科学发展,建设生态文明的大背景下,如何实现畜牧业可持续发展与草地生态保护相协调,既减轻草场压力又提高畜牧业经济效益,最终实现牧民增收与生态保护的双赢,是摆在我们面前需要解决的一项紧迫任务。本文从分析青海省草地畜牧业发展现状及存在问题入手,指出当前制约畜牧业发展根源在于落后的生产经营方式,并结合正在开展的生态畜牧业建设试点工作,提出了青海省发展生态畜牧业的思路和政策措施。     

四川大邑县高山古城遗址出土新石器时代动物骨骼遗存

通过对四川大邑县高山古城遗址2015、2016年出土动物骨骼遗存做了比较详细的鉴定、测量、统计和分析,可以肯定为家畜的仅有猪和狗。从出土动物骨骼的NISP、MNI统计来看,家猪的比重均占绝对优势,NISP占比达93.78%,MNI占比为86.49%;家猪上、下第三臼齿的长度、宽度较小,均处于家猪第三臼齿的长、宽参数范围内;从猪的年龄结构来看,以月龄10~20个月为主,也与一般农耕聚落家猪的宰杀年龄结构相符。鉴于以上三个方面的观察,可以推断高山古城先民饲养家猪的技术比较成熟且稳定,饲养家猪也是先民肉食资源最主要的获取途径。而狗所占的比重不高,占NISP、MNI的比重分别为3.76%和5.41%,可能多用做狩猎伴侣或其他。结果表明宝墩文化时期的高山古城先民以饲养家猪作为获取肉食资源的主要途径,当时的家畜饲养技术比较成熟稳定,而稻-粟混作的农业体系无疑为家畜的饲养奠定了坚实的基础。     

Do faunal remains reflect socioeconomic status? An ethnoarchaeological study among Central African farmers in the northern Congo Basin

Zooarchaeological analyses often draw inferences on socioeconomic status from the composition of bone assemblages associated with houses and other structures in residential sites. In this paper, we test how well faunal assemblages reflect socioeconomic differences among contemporary farmer households in two rural villages in the Central African Republic. Independent measures of wealth are tallied and ranked for six households in each village, including complete inventories of the types and numbers of material goods and the sizes of residential structures and agricultural fields. These data are compared against the associated food bones collected from household trash middens and activity areas, including skeletal abundances, large mammal body part representation, and taxonomic diversity. In most instances larger and more taxonomically diverse faunal assemblages are associated with houses of means and the faunas do, in fact, reflect differences in socioeconomic status. However, faunal “wealth” may be linked to factors unrelated to social or economic inequalities, notably the presence of active hunters. Our analyses suggest that small animals provide useful and important data in assessing socioeconomic means, and comparative studies of wealth in archaeological contexts should not be based on bones alone.     

两晋时期建筑构件中的兽面研究

东晋建康兽面瓦当来源于西晋,其源头当在中原洛阳地区新莽时期的壁画兽面。汉晋建筑构件中的兽面使用经历了从地下墓葬到地面建筑的过程,这一过程与汉晋墓葬制度的区域变化有关,其根源在于早期道教的发展。     

埃及萨卡拉新出土彩绘人形木棺解读

本研究对埃及萨卡拉新出土的十具有代表性的彩绘人形木棺进行铭文解读、样式和装饰图案的分析,以期为古埃及木棺的类型学研究提供新的材料。作为迄今为止埃及出土的最大规模的窖藏墓,其中埋葬的上千个保存完好的彩绘木棺的陆续整理发表,将对以往以底比斯木棺样本为核心建立的类型学研究提出重大的挑战。2024年7月19日,上海博物馆策划的“金字塔之巅：古埃及文明大展”开幕,展览的一大亮点是首次系统公布埃及考古队近十年在萨卡拉地区自主考古取得的重大发现,这也是这批文物的全球首展。本研究将对其中尚未发表的十具彩绘人形木棺进行解读和分析。2020年以来,埃及国家文物局考古队在萨卡拉地区(埃及古代都城孟菲斯墓区)北区陆续发掘出土了一批重要墓葬和神庙遗址,其中包括一座罕见的巴斯泰特神庙遗址。在该神庙东部发现了两座深12 m石灰岩悬崖竖井墓,编号为64号、65号,年代为公元前8世纪,地下墓室里存储有近千具完整的彩绘木棺。此外,还发现了古埃及最大的动物木乃伊墓地和最完整的制作木乃伊的作坊,并出土了大量朱鹭、鹰、狒狒和圣母牛的木乃伊,特别是首次发现了蛇、蜣螂、幼狮等稀有的动物木乃伊。这批新出土的文物为研究古埃及墓葬习俗、来世信仰及社会发展状况提供了珍贵的一手资料。     

Studies on amerindian dogs, 1: Carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador

Work initiated purely as a dating project in support of a craniometric and morphological investigation of domestic dogs from early Peru has proved to have much wider implications. The stable carbon isotoperatios (¹³C/¹²C) of hair samples from ten dogs show that maize formed a significant part of their diet. Radiocarbon dates for these remains have confirmed that they belong to the period well after the cultivation of maize was first established. Stable carbon isotope measurements can thus be used to test for the presence of maize as a dietary constituent at earlier sites even where there is otherwise only indirect evidence for its cultivation. Collagen from animal or human bone is a suitable alternative to hair for this purpose and the method has been successfully applied to collagen dating to c. 3000 BC from the Valdivia culture site of Real Alto, Ecuador, as well as to a series of early Peruvian dogs.