河北隆化鸽子洞元代窖藏织绣品蓝色染料分析

采用光学显微观察、激光拉曼、紫外-可见吸收光谱以及高效液相色谱对河北隆化鸽子洞蓝棉袄蓝色、浅蓝色纤维以及百衲枕顶蓝色纤维进行分析研究.通过多种分析手段相互佐证表明,该组样品采用蓝草中的靛蓝染色,色素成分有靛蓝素和靛玉红.各样品中色素成分比例均不相同,推测至少在元代,人类已经能够有意识地调整制靛工艺,染出自己需要的色光.同时靛蓝染料耐光性耐热性差,对酸、碱和氧化均敏感,耐盐性及耐细菌性较弱.在以靛蓝染色的织物清洗中,要选择性地使用洗涤剂,进行点滴试验后才可使用,同时在存放过程中要做到避光、避免高温.     

Recovering social and cultural dynamics from plaster floors: chemical analyses at ancient Chunchucmil,Yucatan, Mexico

Phosphate analysis and trace metals analysis were used to determine activities that took place on plaster floors in domestic contexts at the ancient Maya site of Chunchucmil, Yucatan. Research on activities and the use of space contributes to an understanding of social relations within household groups as well as unforeseen patterns that structure refuse discard. The floors analyzed in this paper pertain to three structures in two neighboring houselots dating to the Early Classic (300–600 A.D.) period. Data from the chemical analyses were utilized in conjunction with associated architectural features and artifacts found on the floors. These three lines of information were interpreted with the help of models developed from ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological research. The results demonstrated functional differentiation of rooms within elaborate residences and suggested that front rooms were used to host visitors. The results also suggested that different types of debris were managed differently. Finally, chemical analyses suggest that non-elite Maya occasionally enacted rituals often restricted to elites.     

Accurate measurements with primitive instruments: the “paradox” in the qanat design

Qanats are up to 3000 years old artificial sub-horizontal underground water channels, 5–80 km long, widespread in Iran, but also common in western China, Arabia and the Mediterranean; they were excavated from the bottom of vertical shafts, starting from their exit and advancing upstream till main, productive wells, constructed at the very beginning of the project were met. Successful qanat excavation therefore required accurate geodetic design, though based on primitive instruments; an apparent “paradox”, obscured by the tremendous social and economic significance of qanats controlling lifestyle in arid regions.     

Ancient DNA of the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

We report analysis of ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences from nine archaeological specimens (8 femura and 1 incissor) of Rattus exulans excavated from Anakena Beach Dune on Rapa Nui. Sequence of a 239-base-pair fragment of the hypervariable mitochondrial control region reveals a single mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence of all samples corresponding to the R9 haplotype prevalent in East Polynesia. This suggests a single or very limited introduction of Rattus exulans to the island. Rapa Nui, like other remote islands of Polynesia, remained effectively isolated following colonization.     

不同藩属体系的重组与王朝疆域的形成--以西汉时期为中心

本文以西汉王朝为例,对古代中国王朝的疆域形成进行了探讨。认为,不同藩属体系的碰撞和重组是王朝疆域形成的主要途径。在西汉初期,中华大地上存在以西汉王朝和匈奴为核心的两大藩属体系,以及众多的亚藩属体系和弱藩属体系。自武帝时期开始,随着西汉王朝国力的增强,两大藩属体系进入碰撞、重组阶段,其结果是不仅以匈奴为核心的藩属体系被纳入西汉王朝的藩属体系中,其他弱藩属体系也进入其中,属于西汉王朝藩属体系的亚藩属体系则成为了郡县,由此最终形成了郡县、特设机构、藩属国三个不同层次构成的西汉王朝疆域。     

古代治边观念的研究内容与主要特点

本文对古代治边观念的研究内容和主要特点进行了探讨。认为古代治边观念是中国古代逐步形成的关于边疆、历史疆域形成与管辖及相关问题的处理,在态度、方略和措施方面的一系列认识。其研究内容十分丰富,大体上包括古代边疆观、古代治边观以及对其他边疆有关问题的认识观三个主要方面。治边观念的特点主要有对历代边疆施治产生了深刻影响;与国势兴衰相关联;中原王朝与边疆政权的治边观念有一定差异;经历了发展演变的过程。     

"中国世界秩序"观之影响及其与中国古代边疆研究--费正清《中国世界秩序:中国传统的对外关系》读后

本文概述了费正清“中国世界秩序”观及其对西方中国近代史研究的影响,认为费氏的理论在中国边疆史地研究中也有着积极意义,特别是在中华民族共同意识和共同价值观的形成以及历代边疆的治理及中国疆域的确立等方面。     

吕祖谦编选《古文关键》质疑

长期以来,《古关键》一书都被认为是吕祖谦所编撰。本以清徐树屏冠山堂刻本里所收无名氏的跋语为证,并通过对该书所选录的作家作品和其评论之间所存在的明显矛盾的分析,说明它很可能是先有人选录完毕,吕祖谦对之加以批论评点,再由南宋蔡子作注而完成的,并指出弄清这问题的价值和意义。     

古埃及人的数学成就

古埃及文明的重要成就之一就是科学技术发明 ,其中数学成就引人注目。从保留下来的纸草文献中 ,我们可以了解到古埃及人的数学知识相当丰富 ,他们的数学知识包括算术、代数和几何三个方面。古埃及人的数学产生于生活和实践 ,并广泛应用于生产实践 ,取得了辉煌的成就 ,对人类文明做出了重要贡献。     

台湾出土部分古代玻璃珠的科学分析

使用北京大学科技考古实验室的激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析了台湾省出土的18件古代玻璃珠子标本．结果表明这些珠子主要属于钙镁玻璃系统、钾玻璃系统、铅玻璃系统以及钠钙玻璃系统．除钠钙玻璃以外其它玻璃的制作技术均和同时期在大陆流行的玻璃制作技术同源。而成分分析结果显示钠钙玻璃可能来自印度或者东南亚,说明中古时期台湾岛是“海上丝绸之路”的重要中转站。