郑玄校《仪礼》从今文本字不从古文通假字考

《仪礼》在汉代有今、古文两种本子.郑玄在给《仪礼》作注时,也对今、古文异文作了校勘,或从今文,或从古文.郑玄兼采今、古文的一条重要义例,就是从本字不从通假字：有从今文本字而不从古文通假字者,亦有从古文本字而不从今文通假字者,因为本字更能贴切地表达经义.遍索《仪礼》中郑玄从今文本字不从古文通假字之字例,凡90条,而一一考辨之.     

A modified sampler for uncontaminated DNA cores from soft sediments

A piston-type mud sampler is described. It is a development of the Livingstone corer and was designed to extract cores for DNA analysis of sediments. Prevention of contamination was paramount. As the entire system is self-contained and the sample is retained in the corer, it was found ideal for extracting very soft sediments which could not be captured by existing corers.     

Why did the ancient inhabitants of Palmyra suffer fluorosis?

The skeletal remains uncovered from the 2nd and 3rd century underground tombs of Palmyra, Syria, retain traces of arthritis and mottled enamel. A brown discoloration was also observed in the teeth. In order to clarify that these facts can be related to fluorosis, the teeth excavated from Tomb C and F in the Southeast Necropolis were analyzed. The fluoride contents of the fluorosis-suspected teeth (0.56 ± 0.16% (n = 7)) were higher than those of normal teeth (0.16 ± 0.18% (n = 7)). The highest content (0.85%) proved that 22% of the hydroxide in apatite was substituted by fluoride. The fluoride concentrations of the natural water including deep well water available today in this area ranged from 0.3 to 3.0 mg l⁻¹. The highest fluoride concentration was found to be regulated by the dissolution equilibrium of fluorite, CaF₂, through the process of evaporation and concentration in this arid region. Because of the common ion effect by calcium ions in a high concentration, the fluoride concentration was lower than that expected from the solubility product of fluorite (8.2 mg l⁻¹). The mechanism of this process has probably remained unchanged since ancient times and therefore the drinking water used by the ancient people of Palmyra was estimated to contain fluoride at a level causing fluorosis.     

Genetic analysis of archaeological wood remains: first results and prospects

A total of 51 ancient oak wood samples originating from various European archaeological sites, dating from the Neolithic period to the 18th century, were assayed for the presence of reproducible chloroplast (cp) DNA sequences. Five polymorphic chloroplast fragments were targeted. Only five of the samples could be fully genetically characterised, revealing four different oak cpDNA haplotypes. In all cases, the haplotypes detected on ancient woods and the haplotypes characterised from fresh samples from the same localities matched. Overall, this congruence is consistent with a genetic continuity between ancient and modern European oaks, confirming the hypothesis that the mapped genetic patterns largely reflect the original structure that established during the post-glacial. This stability of the genetic structure implies that, in the future, the technique could be used to infer or confirm the transport of wood by man, providing interesting perspectives for the genetic analysis of ancient woods.     

Variable nucleotide tandem repeat (VNTR) typing of two palaeopathological cases of lepromatous leprosy from Mediaeval England

Using ancient DNA methods, we have examined in detail two archaeological cases of leprosy from Mediaeval England. The first was a child skeleton with rhino-maxillary changes typical of lepromatous leprosy (LL). The second case was the skeleton of a male adult who showed both typical rhino-maxillary changes and osteitis/periostitis on the leg and foot bones. Bone powder was sampled from both cases and DNA extracts were prepared. These were subjected to a series of polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) specific for regions on the Mycobacterium leprae genome. The repetitive element RLEP was used for confirmation of M. leprae DNA and then three polymorphic regions were successfully amplified and sequenced to determine the number of variable nucleotide tandem repeats (vntr) at these loci. These were the microsatellite regions ML2344 and ML2172 and the minisatellite region ML0058. Genotyping data from the strains preserved within the skeletal remains were compared with those obtained for a reference strain of M. leprae. Variation at these three loci was found between both burials and the reference strain, indicating that vntr typing of LL cases from the archaeological record is a useful way of confirming disease and an additional means of authenticating aDNA data. This demonstrates the feasibility of targeting multiple loci for phylogenetic studies of leprosy strains from archival sources.     

透光摄影在古书画修复与研究中的应用

透光摄影由常规可见光摄影发展而来，是针对中国古书画等能被可见光穿透的文物开发的一项无损摄影检测技术。通过实践发现透光摄影在古书画的修复与研究领域具有多项作用：观察书画命纸、背纸拼接等装裱情况；发现前人加固、补缀等修复痕迹；获取画面底稿内容；强化伤况视觉效果以便于分析文物伤况病害。透光摄影能够提供直观可靠的深层视觉信息，辅助修复人员了解文物内部状态，在古书画的修复与研究中发挥重要作用。     

台湾古建筑维修的原则与技术

介绍了台湾古建筑维修的程序与原则,根据维修原则开展调查研究、修护设计、实质施工、修护记录四项工作,从而达到“保存原有之色彩、形貌”。最后,依据《物保护法》不改变原状的原则,对今后古建筑维修提了一些建议。     

冻融作用对古青砖宏观性能及微观结构劣化的影响

砖质文物建筑多数处于室外工作环境,其损伤呈现出冻融循环条件下的物理风化和材料水解条件下的化学风化联合作用破坏形态,致使古青砖文物面临着严重的环境侵蚀风化问题。为此,以古建筑青砖为研究对象,通过对6组试样分别进行0,15,30,45,60和75次冻融循环试验,分析冻融循环次数对古青砖的孔洞率、质量、抗压强度的影响规律。在此基础上,通过TEM(透射电子显微镜)扫描探讨了冻融作用对古青砖微观结构的损伤过程及劣化机理。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,古青砖的孔洞率、质量损失率以及强度损失率均增大;TEM扫描发现冻融对古青砖造成了明显的微观孔隙结构损伤,特别是75次冻融循环后该损伤明显激增。同时,利用XPS(X射线光电子能谱仪)测试古青砖化学成分的组成,说明青砖体内碳酸盐等可溶性盐类的晶体水解造成青砖的微观孔隙结构损伤,是其遭受化学风化作用的主要原因。     

上下椽头尾搭接的木构古建筑受力性能的简化计算方法研究

古建筑木结构主要分为抬梁木构体系和穿斗木构体系,其结构布置与连接节点明显不同于现代木结构。为了进一步提高古建筑木结构的结构计算和结构安全评估的工程实用性,对常见木椽的受力性能简化算法、常见拼合檩条的受力性能简化算法、三架梁和五架梁受力性能的简化算法进行研究,并基于动力特性分析,初步提出古建筑木结构典型构架体系在进深方向和面阔方向结构基本自振周期的近似计算模型。研究成果可为古建筑木结构的结构性能计算、结构安全评估以及加固修缮设计提供依据和参考。     

市内激励源对古建筑振动的影响

为了分析在不同激励下振动对古建筑的影响,选择苏州市省级文物保护单位——玉涵堂古建筑进行振动测试。记录了环境振动、地下轨道交通激励、人群社会活动激励和音响激励四种工况时一座两层砖木阁楼的振动信号。发现经过严格振动控制的地下轨道交通激励对古建筑振动的贡献可以忽略;环境振动和音响激励时段古建筑横向振动速度达标,而人群社会活动激励时段横向振动速度超标。从古建筑的建筑结构和功能区域划分以及人的激励形式三个方面对通常被忽视的人的因素进行了探讨,并提出了相应的减振措施。研究成果为其它类似两层砖木阁楼古建筑防护提供依据。