青海地区青铜器的成份分析及来源

本文通过对青海地区青铜器的成份分析及其铸造方法的分析,对该地区发现的青铜器来源问题进行了探讨。     

Formt die Technik die Musik? Montageästhetik zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts

Does technology shape music? Aesthetics of assembly at the beginning of the 20^th century. This article deals with the relationship between assembly in production technology and similar processes in musical composition. Can composers like Eric Satie, Igor Strawinsky or George Antheil, who used assembly methods in some of their compositions, be called assemblers? The authors point out that all three composers used assembly methods in different ways and with different purposes. Applying a theoretical approach inspired by media studies they come to the conclusion that the conditions under which musical works using assembly methods are shaped do not originate in technology but in the aesthetic convictions of the composer. Apart from assembly methods there are many other compositional principles the composer relies on. Technology may inspire music but does not determine the musical outcome.     

FERTILITY CHANGES IN CENTRAL ASIA SINCE 1980

Limited studies document the fertility changes in Central Asia. Using survey and official data, this study describes the fertility changes since 1980 in Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Uzbekistan. I first consider the swift decline in fertility in the 1980s and 1990s through the analysis of Synthetic Parity Progression Ratios (SPPRs). SPPRs show that women still have at least one child despite economic difficulties and that the end of communism affected more the transition to higher-order births. These results are however influenced by economic and demographic factors specific to each country. I investigate then the fertility upturn that is observed since the early 2000s—an issue neglected so far by demographers. Results from the analysis of official and household data show that in each country, the recent fertility increase resulted from the increase of distinct birth orders and was concentrated in specific ethnic groups.     

“知行班”大学生体质健康与体成分相关性的调查研究

利用Inbody720对“知行班”大学生体成分、用AS-505肺功能仪对肺功能进行测试,结果显示,测试者的身体素质总体上处于良好水平,但也存在少部分人属于消瘦和肥胖前期。这说明单纯的锻炼还不能达到最佳的锻炼效果,应注重合理的膳食搭配,只有这样才能收获健康的体魄。     

Clays of Contention: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Factionalism and Clay Composition

This ethnoarchaeological study examines sociopolitical constraints on traditional pottery production in Paradijon, southern Luzon, the Philippines. Factionalism divided the potting community as it became involved in elite competition and dictated that the two potting factions acquire clays from sources controlled by elite alliance partners. This study examines patterning in instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) data in relationship to the involvement of independent craft specialists in elite competition. Patterning of INAA data at community and regional levels is found, illustrating the middle-range links between sociopolitical behavior of potters and patterns in clay composition. INAA patterning among clay preparation areas appears dependent on whether a preparation area is in public or private space. Regionally, primary markets express INAA signals from both factions, whereas secondary markets reflect potter participation of a particular faction.     

陕西历史博物馆藏“虎啸”琴漆膜研究

陕西历史博物馆藏6828号仲尼式古琴,名曰\"虎啸\",其时代存疑。利用漆膜切片技术以及光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱仪(FTIR)等仪器,对\"虎啸\"琴脱落漆膜残片予以检测分析,查明了漆膜结构与漆灰成分。漆灰含有石英(SiO_2)、石灰(CaCO_3)、石膏(CaSO_4·2H_2O)、陶瓷[Na(AlSi_3O_8)]、朱砂(HgS)等粉末,以及白铜(Cu、Zn、Ni)碎屑。综合辨析认为,\"虎啸\"琴为明代制作,其漆膜分层、厚度、漆灰成分等与琴音、琴名密切相关。     

营城子汉墓出土玻璃耳珰的化学成分与制作工艺研究

营城子汉墓位于辽宁省大连市甘井子区,是我国东北地区一处重要的大型汉墓群。营城子汉墓出土了一批玻璃耳珰,为探讨其成型工艺及来源,采用超景深显微系统进行了表面形貌观察,初步认为是模铸成型,并经过打磨。采用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)进行了化学成分分析,结果显示,它们分属铅钡硅酸盐和钾硅酸盐玻璃系统,一件由Cu²⁺着色,其余主要由Co²⁺着色。其为我国自制,所用钴料来源相同,钴料的锰钴比特征与国产钴土矿的类似。并对营城子汉墓出土玻璃耳珰造型与化学成分体系间的关系进行了分析,对玻璃耳珰制作模式进行了初步探讨,进一步加深了对我国古代玻璃耳珰制作与传播的认识。     

垣曲商城出土炉渣壁内金属颗粒及矿物组成的初步研究

采用偏光矿相显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线能谱分析等方法,研究垣曲商城出土炉渣或炉壁样品中主要合金元素Cu、Sn、Pb、As在炉渣中的分布及存在形式,同时分析了炉渣中主要物相的组成。结果表明,样品的主要结晶矿物有铜蓝或铜的硫化物矿物晶体、赤铜矿、孔雀石矿以及含有Co、Ni氧化物的短棒状或粒状结晶相;炉渣或炉壁中铜颗粒则以星散状或较大颗粒分布。Cu、As、Pb主要以合金颗粒的形态存在于炉渣巾,而锡则较多以四方柱状或针状氧化物骸晶形态存在于渣中;还有部分Cu、Pb存在于玻璃态渣相中。初步研究结果显示,出土炉渣炉壁的遗址属于冶炼、熔化或铸造工艺过程相关联的冶铸遗址,锡则是以金属锡在熔铜或铸造过程中加入。     

独乐寺观音阁辽代十一面观音像的材质分析

独乐寺观音阁内十一面观音像保存至今,泥胎存在裂隙、空鼓、脱落等病害。利用超景深三维显微镜、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、激光粒度分布仪等对观音像泥胎进行了材质分析。通过控制砂、纤维含量,分析泥塑试样的收缩性,并探索纤维含量对泥胎收缩性的影响规律。结果表明:观音像泥胎的制作原料取自当地,其中土颗粒粒径多在5~70 μm之间,约占总量的79.5%;主要矿物成分为石英和伊利石,还有部分钠长石和钾长石,以及少量的高岭石。粗泥层含砂量约为35%,麦草(麦秆及麦壳混合物)含量约6%~9%,长度大多在2 cm以下;细泥层含砂量约为30%,麻丝含量约2.1%,长度大多集中在2 cm。麦草和麻丝的加入对泥胎的收缩均能起到抑制作用。随着麦草含量的增加,抑制作用呈现先增大后减小的趋势,掺和6%的麦草抑制作用最好;添加麻丝可使试样的最终线缩率显著减小,但麻丝的多少对线缩率的减小幅度影响不大。观音像泥胎的原纤维配比就有很好的抑制收缩效果。本次研究获得了十一面观音像泥胎的材料组成信息,得出了纤维占比对泥胎收缩性的影响,为十一面观音像的修复与保护提供了参考。     

Excavations in Chinese Turkestan: A review

Concern about the quantity and quality of its labour force has been one of the major factors in bringing about a reversal of Singapore's population policy from anti‐natal to pro‐natal. In addition, the new policy has sought to enhance the quality of the workforce by offering incentives to encourage larger families amongst the more educated Singaporeans. After five years, responses have been muted, partly because of a growing sense of resentment amongst the younger adults towards interference in what are regarded as family decisions.