Leroi-Gourhan, a Philosopher of Technique and Evolution

With the publication of two volumes on technology—L'Homme et la matière and Milieu et technique in 1943–45, and Le geste et la parole (translated into English in 1993 as Gesture and Speech)—-Leroi-Gourhan asserted himself as a major social anthropologist, prehistorian, and the founder of the French schools of the ethnology of technique and of prehistoric ethnology. This paper analyzes the innovative concepts and the content of these original works, which draw their inspiration and data from biology, physiology, psychology, anthropology, and prehistory to study evolution, and technique as its medium, to create a global science of humanity.     

双墩遗址黑陶渗炭工艺初探

双墩遗址是淮河流域新石器时代中期的一个重要遗址。该遗址出土了相当数量的黑陶,黑陶的制作工艺有多种,为探明双墩遗址黑陶的制作工艺,采用了XRD、喇曼光谱、重烧试验、显微、岩相、SEM和EDS探针等技术,对双墩遗址出土黑陶和局部发黑陶器进行了综合的测试分析。结果指出,陶器整个表层的黑色物质是炭黑。碳元素沿剖面的分布为:内外表层高而中间低,而内外表层0.6mm范围内炭含量的分布不甚均匀,存在明显的高低起伏,表明双墩遗址主要采用渗炭工艺制作黑陶。     

《红楼梦》与《桃花扇》

文章对《红楼梦》与《桃花扇》这两部古典名著进行了全面的比较,并指出思想性与艺术性的完美统一是它们得以成功的重要原因。     

苏南传统铸造技术调查与启示

传统技术是活的文物,应该加以整理、保护与研究,传统技术所包含的古代科技信息对古代技术研究有极大的启示。传统泥型铸造技术为研究中国古代陶范铸造技术提供了重要信息;植物硅酸体测试结果表明,传统泥型铸造技术与古代陶范铸造技术有着密切的关系。     

In situ desalination of a granitic column by the electrokinetic method

Desalination of rocks used in monuments is a common strategy to reduce the possibility of deterioration by soluble salt crystallization processes. In the last years, some laboratory studies have demonstrated that the application of electrokinetic techniques allow to achieve higher desalination effectiveness, overcoming most limitations of the traditional methods. However, to our knowledge no studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of this technique for in situ desalination of granite. The present study is aimed at filling this gap. The results of an in situ desalination intervention using electrokinetic methods, on a column highly contaminated with salts are presented. The desalination method was optimized to desalinate large in situ structures, trying to establish the necessary protocols (buffering system, irrigation system, setup, etc.) to obtain results as satisfactory as those obtained in laboratory. The results demonstrated the high effectiveness of this method in terms of total salt extraction and depth of salt extraction. The concentration of anions in the column was decreased by more than 80% after 55 days of treatment. No mineralogical and aesthetic damages on the stone were detected after the treatment, confirming the reliability of this method to be applied in situ on granitic rocks.     

U-series and radiocarbon dates on mollusc shells from the uppermost layer of the archaeological site of KHB-1, Ra's al Khabbah,Oman

The archaeological site of KHB-1, Oman, has been investigated in order to improve the chronological knowledge of the site, which is dated to the beginning of the fourth millennium B.C. on the basis of the archaeological context. Mollusc shells of the genus Anadara, coming from the uppermost layers of the site, have been dated using two different methods, radiocarbon and U-series technique. The results of the two techniques date the last occupational phase of the site from the end of the fourth millennium B.C. to the beginning of the third millennium B.C.     

A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at Nausharo (Indus civilisation, ca. 2500 BC)

Twenty years after its discovery, the pottery workshop of Nausharo (province of Baluchistan, Pakistan), which yielded a series of knapped stone tools in association with unbaked sherds and clay waste, is still of unique importance in Asian protohistorical studies. The types of pottery production (sandy marl fabrics) identified in this workshop, which is dated to ca. 2500 BC, correspond to the majority of the domestic pottery discovered at the site during the first two phases of the Indus Civilisation. The flint blades discovered in the workshop were made from exotic flint, coming from zones close to the great Indus sites such as Mohenjo-Daro and Chanhu-Daro. This is also the origin of a small amount of the pottery (micaceous fabrics) found at Nausharo in domestic contexts, e.g. Black-Slipped-Jars. The butts of the blades display features characteristic of pressure detachment with a copper pressure point. Gloss and microwear traces (polish) testify to the blades' having been used for finishing the clay vessels: for actual finishing (trimming) while they were being turned on a wheel, and possibly also for scraping by hand. Both of these operations are distinctly attested to by the presence in the workshop of two different types of clay shavings.     

隋唐鎏金铜释迦佛坐像铸造结构的检测分析

本文使用X-CT技术对隋唐时期鎏金铜释迦佛坐像的铸造结构进行无损分析检测,结果观测到隋唐时期的鎏金铜释迦佛坐像存在三种不同的铸造结构:头顶开孔式(陶范法)、全身插针式(失蜡法)、头部实心铸造。这一发现,对今后古代金铜佛像的结构研究,具有极其重要的意义。     

饱水文物传统脱水方法与超临界流体干燥技术的应用

饱水文物的脱水加固是文物保护中的一个重要组成部分,为了克服干燥应力引起的文物结构的收缩和塌陷,传统脱水方法中常采用加填充剂浸渍等方法,从而使文物处理周期延长。超临界流体干燥技术利用气体在临界温度以上无论加多大压力都不能液化的特性,控制饱水文物内部的液体在临界点之上,使气/液界面消失,在无液相表面张力情况下进行的干燥过程。本工作在回顾传统饱水文物脱水加固的常用方法和存在问题的基础上,利用液体表面张力与温度的关系,从理论上解释超临界流体干燥技术用于干燥饱水文物具有能消除干燥应力的特点,介绍了国外学者利用该技术实际处理饱水文物时采用的实验装置、操作条件和干燥效果。与传统脱水方法对照,超临界流体干燥技术还具有能缩短文物处理周期、干燥过程中能同时杀菌等优点。     

浅淡中国古代金属货币的制造加工技术

本文通过对古代范铸技术铸钱的研究,提出了古代铸钱工艺是采取了多种铸造技术。通过采用砂型工艺铸钱的实践,提出了秦代也可能采用过砂型铸钱工艺。通过对出土文物的研究,证明圆形方孔钱的铸后加工技术,早在汉代就已经形成了规范的加工方法。