清代昆明地区(1721-1900年)冬季平均气温序列的重建与初步分析

本文利用清代档案中的相关资料,建立冬季降雪和干季降水的双因子回归方程,重建了1721-1855年间昆明的冬季平均气温序列,并利用其它资料补出了1856-1900年间的10年冬季平均温度序列。分析表明,18-19世纪昆明皆处于偏冷的时期,其间又有一定的波动,大致可分为4个冷期和3个偏暖的时期。且昆明气温变化存在跃升现象。而和全国其它地方比较,在大的冷暖方面基本一致,但也有很多差异。     

Application of Shape Memory Alloys in Historical Constructions

A device prototype, based on the superelastic properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), is proposed to enhance the thermal and seismic behavior of steel tie-rods. First, the thermal behavior of steel tie-rods with and without SMAs is presented based on the results of extensive experimental tests in thermal room. Next, the seismic performances of the proposed SMA system are discussed based on the results of a series of shaking table tests on a 1:4-scale timber roof truss model. In this article, the functioning principles of the proposed SMA-based device prototype are illustrated and the main aspects related to its implementation in practice are discussed in detail. Finally, a recent example of application of the proposed technology to a historic single-aisle church, realized in the 13th century in Brindisi (southern Italy), and equipped with inadequate and deteriorated steel tied rods, is shown.     

汉阳陵遗址文物保存风幕隔离及富氮低氧环境数值模拟研究

汉阳陵帝陵从葬坑遗址保护展示厅常年的高湿度环境(空气相对湿度为95%±5%)容易使遗址文物发生霉变等病害。为此本研究以从葬坑遗址保护展示厅15号坑为研究对象,根据基本假设,建立了从葬坑文物保存区域空气流动的二维数学模型,并采用标准k-ε两方程湍流模型和SIMPLE算法进行了数值计算。研究了风幕送风速度和送风仰角对风幕隔离性能的影响,并确定了15号坑适宜的送风速度为1.5m/s、送风仰角为10°。研究结果对高湿环境下如何营造风幕隔离及富氮低氧环境提供了依据,对坑式遗址文物保护具有重要意义。     

影响纸张老化的因素及缓解措施初探

为了更合理地保存、保护和使用纸质文献,延长纸质文献的寿命,通过分析纸张酸碱性和相对湿度、温度、光照、空气污染物、微生物等环境因素对纸张老化的影响,介绍对应的机理和缓解措施。纸张酸碱性对其老化速率影响很大,酸性越强纸张老化速度越快。因此,要避免纸质文献接触酸性物质;对于本身酸化严重的纸质文献可进行脱酸处理。相对湿度对于纸张老化有双向影响,相对湿度越高,纸张老化越快;但是相对湿度过低时,纸张会发生脆化、翘曲等物理损伤,并且相对湿度波动比不理想的湿度值对纸张性能的损伤更大。通常,纸质文献宜保存在40%~60%相对湿度范围内容易达到和维持全年稳定的值。温度波动会引起相对湿度波动,所以温度稳定对纸张保护很重要,纸质文献保存适宜的温度为20℃左右。光照对于纸张老化危害严重且具有累积性,紫外线对于纸张的破坏最强,红外线能够引起热效应。纸质文献必须隔绝阳光,使用不含紫外线和红外线的灯具照明,且尽可能缩短光照时间。乙酸、甲酸和2-戊基呋喃等空气污染物对于纸张老化的危害较大,需注意保持库房空气清洁且加强装具的通风。霉菌会引起纸张老化速度加快和变色,纸质文献入库前必须灭菌。研究结果可为延缓纸质文献老化提供参考。     

Technological examination of Neolithic-Bronze Age pottery from central and southeast Europe and from the Near East

Scanning electron microscopy is used to examine sequences of pottery sherds from central and southeast Europe, Greece and the Near East spanning the period from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age, in order to obtain information on the ceramic technologies employed in antiquity. On the basis of the vitrification observed and the chemical composition, the types of clay and firing procedures (temperature and atmosphere) employed in the manufacture of the pottery are defined. Two under-lying trends in the associated ceramic technologies are thus identified. The first is based on the use of non-calcareous or “unstable” calcareous clays fired in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures below 800 °C and the second on the use of “stable” calcareous clays fired in an oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures in excess of 800 °C.     

Cooked Bones? Method and Practice for Identifying Bones Treated at Low Temperature

Is it possible to determine low‐temperature cooking in archaeological bones? The indirect exposure of bones to fire at low temperature (≤ 100 °C), linked to cooking, produces macroscopic modifications on these bones. These modifications have not been clearly or systematically described previously. Instead, physicochemical changes at nanometric level are only now beginning to be understood. In this paper, our principle aim is to explore new methods and techniques that correlate macroscopic features such as smoothness or light transparency with physicochemical characterization results that could aid towards detecting cooked bones in the archaeological record. This study then selected 11 archaeological samples, both human and non‐human. Bones were considered to be thermally treated or not, on the basis of macroscopic criteria. Complementary characterization techniques were used to study morphology (scanning electron microscopy and small angle X‐ray scattering), structure (X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy), local composition (energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy) and texture (gas adsorption). Indeed, fractal dimension, particle size, crystalline percentage or specific surface area may well explain some of the macroscopically observed modifications on these samples. The possibility that such apparent modifications may also be due to diagenesis is also considered. From an archaeological point of view, the results are promising. Our characterization of human and non‐human bones demonstrates that physicochemical techniques are complementary and provide good criteria against which to distinguish boiled from un‐boiled archaeological samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

δ18O Analyses of the Humpbacked Conch (Gibberulus gibberulus): Evaluating a Proxy for Reconstructing Sea-Surface Temperature at Chelechol ra Orrak,Palau

ABSTRACT

In Palau, Micronesia, marine resources, particularly shellfish, played a vital role in human subsistence for millennia. Despite the vast array of molluscan species in archaeological assemblages, there is a dearth of data on nearshore palaeoecology or prehistoric shellfish foraging practices. In this study, we analysed stable oxygen isotopes (δ¹⁸O) values present in the calcium carbonate shell of Gibberulus gibberulus from the Chelechol ra Orrak archaeological site to reconstruct average nearshore sea-surface temperatures (SST) from approximately 1500–1100 cal BP. Modern shellfish samples and environmental data were collected from intertidal zones near the site and x-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to identify the biomineralogical composition of G. gibberulus. These steps provide necessary information for the selection of the proper oxygen isotope-to-SST conversion formula. The selected formula was applied to δ¹⁸O samples from archaeological shells to reconstruct prehistoric SST averages. The results of this proxy validation study verify that G. gibberulus accurately records ambient SST and can be used to reconstruct ancient nearshore conditions. These findings also contribute to the establishment of an environmental baseline, which can be used to examine how environmental changes may have influenced the availability of molluscan taxa that in turn influenced human subsistence practices through time.     

莫高窟108窟内空气温湿度的变化过程及其对窟内水汽和热量来源的启示

为了对108窟内不同位置的温度、湿度和空气压力进行监测,设置了12个点的传感器。监测结果表明,窟内温度存在着显著的昼夜和长期的变化,其中上层空气的温度变化尤其明显,而下层空气的温度变化则相对较小。在夏天,窟内的上层空气温度高于下层空气的温度。窟内空气的绝对湿度受外部环境严重影响,存在近似昼夜的变化。在分布上,窟内空气湿度在上层和前部高,而在下层和后部则较小。窟内存在着净的水汽输入过程,但水汽不是从洞窟的入口进入的。同样,窟内的空气压力也存在着明显的昼夜变化过程,并受外部环境的影响而升高或下降,窟内东侧的空气压力大于西侧的空气压力。这些结果一致说明,在108窟的东侧上层存在着水汽和热量的来源。研究结果为下一步的盐害防治工作提供了思路,具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。     

Villages that Never Were: The Museum Village as a Heritage Genre

Villages of relocated buildings now constitute a phenomenon of the world’s repertoire of heritage. They go by a multitude of names depending on particular inflection: open air museum, folk museum, living history museum, heritage village, museum village and so forth. ¹ [1] On the range of villages, see Thompson, ‘The Social Significance of Folk Museums’; Marshall, ‘Folklife and the Rise of American Folk Museums’; Leon and Piatt, ‘Living History Museums’; Shafernich, ‘On‐site Museums, Open‐air Museums, Museum Villages and Living History Museums’; Moolman, ‘Site Museums’; de Jong, ‘Approaches and Concepts’; Chappell, ‘Open‐air Museums’; Corbin, ‘Representations of an Imagined Past’. This paper reviews the context of the form of the genre’s manifestation in Australia, where it is often known as the ‘pioneer village’. They are the fruit of a populist vision of national history which celebrates white rural settlement as its central theme. In practice, the villages manifest a deep commitment to collecting and saving old buildings as the meaningful construction of a favourite historical identity. But the generation that established Australia’s villages has been overtaken. Today, the intersection of museum villages with the managerialist pressures of local economy enhancement and modern professional standards of heritage management challenge most villages’ survival.     

Multi-temporal archaeological analyses of alluvial landscapes using the photogrammetric restitution of historical flights: a case study of Medellin (Badajoz,Spain)

One of the main challenges affecting the archaeological study of alluvial landscapes is the intensity of change these environments experience over time. Quick and dramatic alterations in geomorphological dynamics and land exploitation determine the visibility and conservation of the archaeological record. This study proposes an approach to the problem of studying these evolving environments based on the analysis and treatment of a series aerial photographs taken between the 1950s and the present day. This paper is particularly interested in looking at the process of photogrammetric restitution and in validating and comparing the digital terrain models and orthoimages produced. The quantitative analysis and visual interpretation of these results can provide valuable information about the transformation of landscapes and factors affecting surface evidence. The intended final result is to develop the ability to map the most problematic or best preserved areas. Nevertheless, it is considered in terms of a relative measure of change magnitude, rather than trying to provide absolute figures.