田螺山遗址灵芝遗存的三维重构及鉴定

灵芝在中国古代被誉为仙药,是当代中医药考古研究的重要线索。随着考古遗址陆续发现疑似灵芝遗存,其鉴定工作也成为当前的研究热点。传统灵芝的鉴定依靠子实体外观鉴别和孢子观察,但古代灵芝遗存很难完整保存下来,孢子观察方法需要大量标准样品对比,工作量非常大。为了更加高效地鉴别出灵芝遗存,在前人研究基础上,本研究利用显微CT成像,以田螺山遗址出土的疑似灵芝为例,对残留遗存进行了三维重构,并与当代标样进行了对比。结果表明该方法可以有效鉴别出灵芝子实体,为古代灵芝遗存的鉴别提供了新方法。与传统形貌对比方法不同,三维重构的方法不仅快捷、方便,且不受遗存外观的影响。该方法也可为其他具有特征性结构的古代植株的鉴别提供借鉴。     

Correcting Europe's political economy: The virtuous eclecticism of Georg Ludwig Schmid

The article provides an analysis of Georg Ludwig Schmid's ‘Reflexions sur l’Agriculture’, which was published as the first essay in the first issue of the publications of the Oeconomical Society of Berne, founded in 1759. Schmid connected the agricultural improvement movement of the time to the logic of international power competition that caused the 7 Years’ War and wished to preserve political economy as agronomy for the cause of peace and virtuous economic progress. In his essay on commerce and luxury, he devised a patriotic political economy based on the notion of a marche naturelle, or a natural progress of opulence, which enabled statesmen and political economists to separate the productive from the pathological features of economic development, healthy and necessary growth from luxury. Adam Smith deployed a similar model in the Wealth of Nations but argued that Europe's retrograde development was so fundamental and comprehensive that it made it impossible to use this kind of natural progress model on its own as a meaningful guide for comprehensive economic and political reform.     

佛教成语源流考辨六则

一些大型辞书在佛教成语的收录过程中,往往以中土文献为源,结果导致误释成语本义、义项设立不全等问题。文章以《汉语大词典》等四部大型辞书收录情况为基础,结合中土、佛教文献,对“半路出家”等六条成语进行源流演变、释义及义项设立等方面的考释。     

中国北方农业起源研究的理论和实践

针对目前学界存在的多种"农业起源"理论,笔者在对它们作了逐一分析后,总结了一个完整的理论模式。在这一模式的指导下,笔者系统分析了我国北方地区细石器时期和新石器早期的考古学文化面貌、自然环境变迁及对动植物资源利用的情况,从而勾勒了一个北方地区农业起源的大体过程。     

Modeling agricultural potential in Chaco Canyon during the Bonito phase: a predictive geospatial approach

This study presents a geospatial analysis of surficial hydrology and geomorphology and their relationship to potential agricultural productivity in order to better understand the economic role of water in Chaco Canyon during the Bonito Phase (ca. AD 850–1150). Defined as the Natural Agricultural Suitability Analysis, the foundation of this study is a hierarchical geospatial analysis that integrates six key natural factors: slope, soil texture, soil depth, non-catastrophic overbank flooding potential, drainage flow length, and drainage proximity and flow potential. These factors are combined through a raster weighted overlay function to generate composite suitability map that offers a testable proxy for variability in relative agricultural potential during the Bonito Phase at Chaco. The rationale for including this set of natural factors is based largely on ethnographic and modern agricultural studies, but the predictive model differs from previous studies of agricultural potential in that it is independent of the specific archaeological distribution of evidence of agriculture in the study area. The results of this analysis suggest that previous models of Chacoan agricultural productivity have underestimated local production capacity. Previous studies have focused solely on floodplain contexts, whereas this study points to a more comprehensive and geographically distributed use of the landscape.     

宋代《日历》纂修考

本文通过对宋修《日历》之相关问题的考察,认为宋修《日历》始于建国之初而不是开宝年间;宋代《日历》的史料来源主要是《起居注》、《时政记》、诸司供报材料、《宣谕圣语》及人物的墓志、行状等。北宋《日历》之修时断时续,事无巨细地汇集史料、连续不断地编纂是南宋纂修《日历》的一大特点。     

The bovid third phalanx and prehistoric ploughing

Plough agriculture is the basis of southeast Asian rice cultivation, and has profound social implications. Yet little if anything is known of its development in prehistory. In the absence of fossil fields, remains of ploughshares or of ploughing scenes, attention is focused on the bones of potential draught animals. A multivariate analysis of exostosis development in the third phalanx indicates that cattle at the site of Ban Chiang were gracile, while water buffalo were as robust as modern draught animals.     

Public health,cooperatives, local regulation,and the development of modern milk policy: the Chicago milkshed, 1900–1940

Agricultural policy in the United States is often structured around conflicts and relationships within particular production regions. These regional solutions may evolve into national policies. This paper explores a historical example of this, the development of fluid milk policy and the fluid milk economy in the Chicago milkshed between 1900 and the New Deal. This example is particularly interesting because it was part of the rise of the post-World War II modern food system. Both urban and rural groups were important in this development. Urban groups took a particular interest in milk production and regulation due to its importance as a nutritious but highly perishable staple. Rural groups responded to urban attempts to control production practices by organizing cooperatives. Negotiations and strikes resulted in an agreement in 1929 that was positive for farmers, the Chicago Department of Health, and other major entities in the milkshed. It attempted to place regulatory barriers around the milkshed. However, it soon failed due to improvements in transportation technology and new distribution systems that allowed for cheaper retail prices. The group then proposed a marketing plan to the USDA, which became the ancestor of the federal milk marketing order program. This story sheds light on the manner in which local interest groups and internal politics within the U.S. Department of Agriculture combined to shape New Deal agricultural legislation.     

发展农业旅游,缓解“三农”问题——兼论农业旅游的经济社会影响

农业旅游既是一种新兴的旅游方式,又是一种新型的农业生产经营形式。发展农业旅游可以调整农业经济结构,培育农村新的经济增长点,安置农村剩余劳动力,促进农民增收,改变农村整体面貌,从而缓解三农业问题。