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51.
谢乃和 《世界古典文明史杂志》2009,(3):47-65
先秦典籍屡见"冢宰"类于后世宰相为君主最高辅相的记载。近代以来,学者中虽有力主冢宰辅相说可信者,然终以否定论为主流。究其实际,宰本是上古贵族家内职役,多与饮食有关,殷商时已成为职官,至周代演变为各级贵族的家务总管,掌财用为其常职,进而发展为君主的最高辅相。春秋以降,随着权力结构的变迁,文献彝铭中的宰官职权在王室和各诸侯国中呈现出复杂有别的面貌,但冢宰或太宰在殷周曾为君王最高辅相的历史之迹依然有端倪可寻。伊尹、周公以宰职摄政之故典和上古封建政体所决定的周代家国同构的王朝政权组织应是宰职演变为君主最高辅相的根因,亦是中国古代将宰相名号制度溯源至"冢宰"的缘由所在。 相似文献
52.
The article provides an analysis of Georg Ludwig Schmid's ‘Reflexions sur l’Agriculture’, which was published as the first essay in the first issue of the publications of the Oeconomical Society of Berne, founded in 1759. Schmid connected the agricultural improvement movement of the time to the logic of international power competition that caused the 7 Years’ War and wished to preserve political economy as agronomy for the cause of peace and virtuous economic progress. In his essay on commerce and luxury, he devised a patriotic political economy based on the notion of a marche naturelle, or a natural progress of opulence, which enabled statesmen and political economists to separate the productive from the pathological features of economic development, healthy and necessary growth from luxury. Adam Smith deployed a similar model in the Wealth of Nations but argued that Europe's retrograde development was so fundamental and comprehensive that it made it impossible to use this kind of natural progress model on its own as a meaningful guide for comprehensive economic and political reform. 相似文献
53.
广谱革命是20世纪60年代末期西方考古学者提出对旧石器时代晚期至新石器时代早期人类生计方式发生的显著变化的一种认识,它的意义在于导致了食物生产的开始。其一般使用系统分类对动植物资源进行研究,但这种分类体系对人类活动的敏感性不高。近年来,考古学者通过成本与收益对出土的动植物遗存进行等级分类。这种分类对人类活动具有敏感性,反映了史前人类劳动强度及人类与动植物关系的变化,从而为深入认识农业起源的动力、途径提供了可借鉴的模式。 相似文献
54.
An investigation was made of the fracture risk to buried ceramic pots and bones from the subsurface pressures generated by agricultural operations. A method for generating subsurface pressures at 0.25 m depth in a soil bin was developed and used to explore fracture failure of modern replicates of ceramic pots corresponding to different archaeological periods and aged medieval human bone. Application of conductive traces to the objects’ surfaces allowed detection of fracturing in real‐time without excavation. Predictive models relating fracture of objects to subsurface pressure application were developed by relating the probability of fracture to observed survival statistics at increasing subsurface pressures. Subsurface pressures of above 100 kPa were sufficient to fracture the more fragile pots at a probability level of 90%. The lowest subsurface pressure causing bone fracture was 280 kPa; however, no relationship was observed between subsurface pressure and bone fracture, probably due to variation in bone material. The subsurface pressures generated and applied are within the range reported from field measurements during typical agricultural operations. They indicate that measures to control the generation of subsurface pressures would be necessary to mitigate risk of harm from agriculture to buried archaeology; for example, via low‐pressure tyres, tracks and appropriate tillage. 相似文献
55.
Ingjerd Hoëm 《History & Anthropology》2013,24(3):293-305
Pacific anthropology has predominantly concentrated on documenting the pre‐contact past or an acculturated present. This article explores an alternative focus on contemporary relationships, seen as both exhibiting historicity and agentive power. The control over scarce but vitally important resources, such as land and water, is the responsibility of the village leadership in the Tokelau atolls. The regulation of social behaviour establishes fecundity and agency in a manner that lends order to the universe. However, the achievement of a position of command, in particular over rights to land, is dependent upon knowledge of the past and of genealogical connections in the present. Claims to positions are commonly challenged, and this dynamic of contested ascendancy means that the past is always significantly present, although in different shapes. 相似文献
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Peter Houston 《Geographical Research》2005,43(2):209-223
The agriculture that occurs in Australia's peri‐urban regions is not well understood, nor has its economic value ever been examined systematically. Using a spatial frame derived from research into population change, Agricultural Census data are used to calculate the value of this agricultural production. The analysis suggests that peri‐urban regions in the five mainland States produce almost 25% of Australia's total gross value of agricultural production. Evidence gathered from other surveys suggests that, in some respects, this may be an underestimate. Although qualified and provisional, these findings have important strategic implications for agricultural development, urban and regional development and, ultimately, sustainable development. However, peri‐urban issues are often submerged in public policy deliberations, and peri‐urban agriculture is poorly served by the Agricultural Census. 相似文献
57.
本文重点从博物馆机构的建立、文物标本的收藏、陈列展览的举办与开放、科学研究等几个方面,概述了 ２０世纪河南博物馆事业产生、发展、壮大的历史过程,以期河南各类博物馆在新的世纪中,为社会做出更大的贡献。 相似文献
58.
农业地理环境是农业生产诸自然条件中影响最大的因素之一。历史过程之中,以地理环境条件为基础,伴随农业生产技术的纵深迈进,农业经济的开发与中心转移呈现出明显的层次性与地域性特征:率先是黄河中下游地区的旱作农区,次为长江流域稻作农区,进而是高寒农区的开发。 相似文献
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日本高山寺所藏裴注《史记.殷本纪》的文本情况较为复杂。本文考证:此卷钞写于五代时期,而钞者所据底本则是初唐以前的《史记》夹注本,它具有早期《史记》夹注本与五代钞本的双重特征。考察高山寺本《殷本纪》文本源流,发现唐、宋两个关键性的《史记》传本——司马贞《索隐》所据本和北宋景本与高山寺本既是一脉相承,又有所变易。高山寺本《殷本纪》不仅为《史记》校勘提供了宝贵的古本资料,而且为我们了解宋人校《史》的某些特点和存在的问题提供了重要的文献依据。 相似文献