发达国家的农业现代化对我国农业发展的启示

本文系统地分析了发达国家农业现代化的特点,从发达国家农业现代化与我国农业生产现状的结合点上,探讨了今后我国农业发展的途径与策略。     

农民工边缘化问题的制度经济学分析

伴随着经济增长,城市化越来越成为人们关注的话题,但其实质是产业结构中农业产业与非农产业的重构,这个过程中必然伴随“农转工”的发生。事实表明,目前我国还不具备彻底实现“农转工”的制度安排,主要表现为农转工的身份以及相关的利益问题。所以,“农转工”过程中必然出现既有制度安排下的农转工的边缘化及二次边缘化问题。笔者认为,彻底改变这种状况,从而实现实质性的保护农转工合法权益的根本方法是制度变革,要设立一种没有制度偏好和身份标识的制度安排。     

Alternative adaptive regimes for integrating foraging and farming activities

There are two distinct forager-farmer adaptive regimes evidenced in the ethnographic record: an ancillary and surplus cultivation regime. Societies characterized by these different regimes define different systems for allocating time to the production of domesticated plants. Cross-cultural patterns support the proposition that two socioecological conditions are logically necessary in order for an ancillary cultivation regime to develop and persist within a population of foragers. Wild resources must be sufficiently available, and farmers who produce a surplus of crops must be available to exchange with, live with or raid to redistribute crops after an episode of crop loss. The cross-cultural presence of two empirically distinct regimes for integrating foraging and farming is a useful frame of reference for evaluating how prehistoric foragers first integrated foraging and farming activities in archaeological contexts of secondary crop acquisition. A preliminary examination indicates that the ethnographic patterns are most consistent with the interpretation that the earliest farmers to inhabit the American Southwest produced at least a minimal surplus of domesticated plants. It is postulated that the adoption of a surplus cultivation regime by a population creates the adaptive opportunity for ancillary cultivation to develop and persist on a landscape.     

Settlement patterns,social complexity and agricultural strategies during the Chalcolithic period in the Northern Negev,Israel

Previous studies have reported a Chalcolithic site distribution pattern in the Northern Negev as clustered, exhibiting a number of characteristics that imply a chiefdom level of organization. However, a recent spatial analysis suggests that in some areas of the Northern Negev, settlement patterns were essentially random and that there is no evidence for regional chiefdom organization. We examine this controversy by closely inspecting the methods of spatial analyses employed by previous researchers, by introducing an additional multiscalar spatial technique, namely Ripley's K-function, and by using updated and modified data. Our results indicate that settlement distributions were essentially clustered, even in small areas along the wadis. Examining the relation between these spatial-dependent distributions and the landscape surroundings revealed that particular physiographic characteristics of the wadis contribute to increscent in site clusters. Furthermore, a general linear model analysis suggests that the distribution of Chalcolithic sites is determined primarily by environmental factors rather than factors related to political organization.     

大遗址概念起源发展及共属性探究

大遗址一词出现于建国之初的经济恢复时期。在配合大规模基本建设进行大遗址清理的实践中,提出了“既对基本建设有利,又对文物保护有利”的“两利原则”。大遗址概念形成于改革开放后新的经济建设高峰期,受国外文化遗产概念启发,逐步发展成考古领域的遗址与相关环境结合的综合体概念。大遗址从起源来看属于工作概念,在文物知识概念体系内难于恰当定位,以现阶段研究的各种概念定义皆难于对具体遗址进行大遗址判定。大遗址也不太符合术语的透明性要求,“大”的义项不明确、界限不清。事买上,大遗址只有经国家公布才能得到认可,因此,大遗址尚处于工作概念阶段。     

四级旋风预热器窑后结圈的成因及处理

古交水泥厂日产300吨3×45米4级旋风预热器窑于1990年建成投产。2008年由于煤质的不稳窑内结后圈较为频繁,严重时一个星期就要被迫停窑进行人工打圈。为此厂里成立了“解决窑后圈的攻关小组”,经过多方面的分析和采取措施,结圈现象根除,回转窑产质量大幅提高。     

农科留学生与中国近代农业科技体制化建设

近代以来,农科留学生引进了西方先进的农业科学知识,促进了我国的农业科技近代化进程.近代农科留学生为了促进中国农业科技的发展,实现"科学救国"的愿望,在农业科技体制化方面进行了积极而有意义的探索和实践,组织、创办中华农学会等全国性农业学术团体,创办<中华农学会报>、<林学>、<畜牧兽医>等农业科学刊物;组建中央农业实验所等全国性农业科研机构,推进农业科研工作;创建新系科,编写新教材,积极投身到近代中国农业新学科的开拓之中,在中国近代农业科技体制化建设过程中发挥了重要的作用.     

历代耀州窑釉料渊源关系的初步分析

耀州窑是我国古代名瓷窑。为了探讨历代耀州窑釉料之间的渊源关系,用中子活化分析(NAA)技术测定古耀州瓷釉样品和耀州窑博物馆附近粘土矿样品中29种元素的含量,将这批NAA数据进行模糊聚类分析,得到动态模糊聚类分析图。结果表明：唐代的黑瓷釉原料产地非常集中,矿料成分单纯。宋代青瓷釉料配方比较稳定,五代青瓷具有承前启后的作用。金代月白釉料成分和宋代青瓷釉料接近。唐三彩蓝釉料与其他耀州瓷釉料来源明显不同。     

简论1957年农村两条道路的大辩论

1956年秋后至1957年春夏,农村出现了一股闹社退社风,为此在全国农村展开了一场以富裕中农为主要批判对象的资本主义道路和社会主义道路大辩论。大辩论是在对农村的形势作了不切实际的估计的前提下开展的,并出现了一些偏差。大辩论虽然达到了预期的目的,但给我国农村社会经济发展带来了长期的负面影响。     

Sowing the Seeds of Modernity on the Ottoman Frontier: Agricultural Investment and the Formation of Large Farms in Nineteenth-Century Transjordan

In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire initiated a series of modernization reforms. In an effort to address the economic viability of the state, it turned its attentions to its frontiers, in an attempt to bring these regions back into the fold of the empire. In Transjordan, the state targeted Bedouin subjects; as part of the Ottoman project of modernity, efforts were made to settle nomadic pastoralists and transform pastureland into agricultural spaces. The rural countryside was opened to capitalist investment in agriculture. However, agricultural intensification, and the establishment of large farms created a crisis of modernity for many Bedouin. The intensification of agriculture brought increased taxation, diminished control over production, indebtedness, and ultimately the appropriation of land. But some Bedouin used the built environment and natural landscape to confront the Ottoman project of modernity as it unfolded on the frontier.