Food production in the Early Woodland: macrobotanical remains as evidence for farming along the riverbank in eastern Tennessee

ABSTRACT

Open riverbanks and disturbed floodplains are targeted by archaeologists as optimal habitats for the growth of many of the weedy indigenous seed crops in eastern North America, but there is still little evidence for garden locations in the archaeological record. This article combines macrobotanical and geoarchaeological analyses from the Birdwell site (40GN228), located on the Nolichucky River, to give insight into where cultigens were planted and how they were managed in eastern Tennessee during the Early Woodland period. The recovery of uncharacteristic amounts of edible seeds and wood charcoal from the lower terrace of this site suggests that inhabitants were actively managing cultigens along the floodplain of this settlement. The presence of these remains in a non-midden context is evidence that precontact farmers in the Tennessee foothills took advantage of the newly created floodplains of the Early Woodland by implementing a burning regime, an early agricultural strategy aimed at increasing soil productivity and encouraging the growth of weedy annuals on the riverbank. In absence of lines of evidence such as preserved paleosols that can be examined for soil micromorphology, pollen, and phytoliths, integrated paleoethnobotanical and geomorphological analyses can be used to reconstruct land use and archaeologically identify prehistoric cultivated fields.     

农业合作化时期农村党员阶级成分的下降及其影响

土地改革后,农民一般地都要求"单干",对农业合作化兴趣不大。农村党员亦不例外。为推进农业合作化运动的开展,中国共产党一是处理富农党员的党籍问题,二是积极发展贫下中农党员。结果,在农业合作化时期,以党员为中坚力量的农村基层干部的阶级成分普遍下降。这种下降在推动农业合作化运动快速完成的同时,也产生了若干不利的影响,主要表现为合作化运动中的急躁冒进、强迫命令和"揩油"等现象。