农民工边缘化问题的制度经济学分析

伴随着经济增长,城市化越来越成为人们关注的话题,但其实质是产业结构中农业产业与非农产业的重构,这个过程中必然伴随“农转工”的发生。事实表明,目前我国还不具备彻底实现“农转工”的制度安排,主要表现为农转工的身份以及相关的利益问题。所以,“农转工”过程中必然出现既有制度安排下的农转工的边缘化及二次边缘化问题。笔者认为,彻底改变这种状况,从而实现实质性的保护农转工合法权益的根本方法是制度变革,要设立一种没有制度偏好和身份标识的制度安排。     

Alternative adaptive regimes for integrating foraging and farming activities

There are two distinct forager-farmer adaptive regimes evidenced in the ethnographic record: an ancillary and surplus cultivation regime. Societies characterized by these different regimes define different systems for allocating time to the production of domesticated plants. Cross-cultural patterns support the proposition that two socioecological conditions are logically necessary in order for an ancillary cultivation regime to develop and persist within a population of foragers. Wild resources must be sufficiently available, and farmers who produce a surplus of crops must be available to exchange with, live with or raid to redistribute crops after an episode of crop loss. The cross-cultural presence of two empirically distinct regimes for integrating foraging and farming is a useful frame of reference for evaluating how prehistoric foragers first integrated foraging and farming activities in archaeological contexts of secondary crop acquisition. A preliminary examination indicates that the ethnographic patterns are most consistent with the interpretation that the earliest farmers to inhabit the American Southwest produced at least a minimal surplus of domesticated plants. It is postulated that the adoption of a surplus cultivation regime by a population creates the adaptive opportunity for ancillary cultivation to develop and persist on a landscape.     

Settlement patterns,social complexity and agricultural strategies during the Chalcolithic period in the Northern Negev,Israel

Previous studies have reported a Chalcolithic site distribution pattern in the Northern Negev as clustered, exhibiting a number of characteristics that imply a chiefdom level of organization. However, a recent spatial analysis suggests that in some areas of the Northern Negev, settlement patterns were essentially random and that there is no evidence for regional chiefdom organization. We examine this controversy by closely inspecting the methods of spatial analyses employed by previous researchers, by introducing an additional multiscalar spatial technique, namely Ripley's K-function, and by using updated and modified data. Our results indicate that settlement distributions were essentially clustered, even in small areas along the wadis. Examining the relation between these spatial-dependent distributions and the landscape surroundings revealed that particular physiographic characteristics of the wadis contribute to increscent in site clusters. Furthermore, a general linear model analysis suggests that the distribution of Chalcolithic sites is determined primarily by environmental factors rather than factors related to political organization.     

农科留学生与中国近代农业科技体制化建设

近代以来,农科留学生引进了西方先进的农业科学知识,促进了我国的农业科技近代化进程.近代农科留学生为了促进中国农业科技的发展,实现"科学救国"的愿望,在农业科技体制化方面进行了积极而有意义的探索和实践,组织、创办中华农学会等全国性农业学术团体,创办<中华农学会报>、<林学>、<畜牧兽医>等农业科学刊物;组建中央农业实验所等全国性农业科研机构,推进农业科研工作;创建新系科,编写新教材,积极投身到近代中国农业新学科的开拓之中,在中国近代农业科技体制化建设过程中发挥了重要的作用.     

简论1957年农村两条道路的大辩论

1956年秋后至1957年春夏,农村出现了一股闹社退社风,为此在全国农村展开了一场以富裕中农为主要批判对象的资本主义道路和社会主义道路大辩论。大辩论是在对农村的形势作了不切实际的估计的前提下开展的,并出现了一些偏差。大辩论虽然达到了预期的目的,但给我国农村社会经济发展带来了长期的负面影响。     

Sowing the Seeds of Modernity on the Ottoman Frontier: Agricultural Investment and the Formation of Large Farms in Nineteenth-Century Transjordan

In the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire initiated a series of modernization reforms. In an effort to address the economic viability of the state, it turned its attentions to its frontiers, in an attempt to bring these regions back into the fold of the empire. In Transjordan, the state targeted Bedouin subjects; as part of the Ottoman project of modernity, efforts were made to settle nomadic pastoralists and transform pastureland into agricultural spaces. The rural countryside was opened to capitalist investment in agriculture. However, agricultural intensification, and the establishment of large farms created a crisis of modernity for many Bedouin. The intensification of agriculture brought increased taxation, diminished control over production, indebtedness, and ultimately the appropriation of land. But some Bedouin used the built environment and natural landscape to confront the Ottoman project of modernity as it unfolded on the frontier.     

对开发陕西农业旅游的思考

农业旅游是一种新型旅游活动项目,它是当今旅游新需求的必然产物。本文从发展陕西农业旅游所具有的重要现实意义及其开发的可行性进行论述,并提出在进行农业旅游开发项目论证时应抓住的论证角度,力求为陕西农业旅游开发提供必要理论参考。     

农业文化遗产保护与利用研究综述

提要：通过对我国农业文化遗产现状的分析,以及相关文献资料的检索,分别就农业文化遗产的内涵、类型进行了深入探讨,重点是对农业文化遗产的保护与利用进行整理、归纳和研究,明确提出了农业文化遗产保护在我国区域经济社会发展中的重要意义和途径。     

论民国地方性农业科研机构的历史命运--以江西省农业院为中心

江西省农业院是1934年3月设立的一个全省性的农业技术改进和推广机构,在其存在的15年历史中,从许多方面对江西农业现代化进行了卓有成效的探索,做出了巨大的贡献。但由于缺乏相应的社会条件作支撑,其推进农业现代化的种种努力最终逃脱不了失败的命运。     

Re‐valuing the Fringe: Some Findings on the Value of Agricultural Production in Australia's Peri‐Urban Regions

The agriculture that occurs in Australia's peri‐urban regions is not well understood, nor has its economic value ever been examined systematically. Using a spatial frame derived from research into population change, Agricultural Census data are used to calculate the value of this agricultural production. The analysis suggests that peri‐urban regions in the five mainland States produce almost 25% of Australia's total gross value of agricultural production. Evidence gathered from other surveys suggests that, in some respects, this may be an underestimate. Although qualified and provisional, these findings have important strategic implications for agricultural development, urban and regional development and, ultimately, sustainable development. However, peri‐urban issues are often submerged in public policy deliberations, and peri‐urban agriculture is poorly served by the Agricultural Census.