Review of Out-of-Plane Seismic Assessment Techniques Applied To Existing Masonry Buildings

ABSTRACT

Observations after strong earthquakes show that out-of-plane failure of unreinforced masonry elements probably constitutes the most serious life-safety hazard for this type of construction. Existing unreinforced masonry buildings tend to be more vulnerable than new buildings, not only because they have been designed to little or no seismic loading requirements, but also because connections among load-bearing walls and with horizontal structures are not always adequate. Consequently, several types of mechanisms can be activated due to separation from the rest of the construction. Even when connections are effective, out-of-plane failure can be induced by excessive vertical and/or horizontal slenderness of walls (length/thickness ratio). The awareness of such vulnerability has encouraged research in the field, which is summarized in this article. An outline of past research on force-based and displacement-based assessment is given and their translation into international codes is summarized. Strong and weak points of codified assessment procedures are presented through a comparison with parametric nonlinear dynamic analyses of three recurring out-of-plane mechanisms. The assessment strategies are marked by substantial scatter, which can be reduced through an energy-based assessment.     

中国旅游业国际竞争力综合评价

本文运用定量评价法对我国旅游业国际竞争力进行了综合评价。拙文首先构建了旅游业国际竞争力的评价指标体系,然后确定了各指标体系的权重值,并介绍了指标量化与处理以及综合评价值确定的方法,最后对我国旅游业国际竞争力进行了定量评价与国际比较。以期提高我国旅游业国际竞争力的评价效果,并对深化旅游业国际竞争力理论研究及我国旅游产业政策的制定有所裨益。     

论范晔的史学思想

范晔以系统的、整体的思想审视历史 ,又以发展的、变易的观点看待历史。他从正统思想出发 ,把东汉王朝看成是因应天命的正统政权 ,以民本思想论评东汉史事 ,以儒家伦理评判东汉的历史人物。范晔的史学思想是极为广泛的 ,与汉代史家相比 ,其史学思想的伦理性更加突出。     

遗产资源价值评估的社会文化视角

自然遗产资源包含生态、经济和社会文化价值。文化遗产资源具有多功能、多属性和多价值特征。目前人们对遗产资源的生态、经济价值研究较多,而对其社会文化价值关注较少。遗产资源价值评估的社会文化视角,旨在将目前广泛流行的定量化评价体系引向一个由公众争论、博弈,定量、定性评价相组合的研究领域,这将会丰富我们对遗产资源重要性的理解。本文从社会文化角度,分析遗产资源的价值构成及其评估问题,并对遗产资源的功能和使命进行了分析。     

我国西部地区大中城市投资环境评价与分析

区域开发的国际和国内经验表明,大中城市是西部大开发的重点地区和投资的优先区位,改善大中城市投资环境则是实施西部大开发战略的重要途径。本文运用因子分析方法,基于spss 10.0对统计数据进行处理,对我国西部32个大中城市的投资环境进行综合评价,根据综合因子得分和排序结果进行类型划分与分类评析,旨在为西部各大中城市改善投资环境和国内外投资者的投资决策提供科学依据。     

Underwater Archaeology on Foot: a Systematic Rapid Foreshore Survey on the North Kent Coast, England

Foreshore archaeology can be considered 'underwater archaeology on foot', because it is possible to investigate the archaeological heritage at low tide without the need for diving. Rising sea-levels, increasing coastal erosion and the loss of important foreshore environments make immediate action necessary. In 2005, Wessex Archaeology was commissioned by Kent County Council, supported by English Heritage, to continue a Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey on the North Kent Coast as part of a project started in 2001. In four weeks 378 monuments were updated and 198 new monuments recorded, among them a submerged forest, a trackway, several fish-traps and shipwrecks.
© 2007 The Authors     

理性地认识和思考20世纪六七十年代的“全国大备战”

在新中国的历史上 ,曾经进行过一场声势浩大的全国性战争准备。这次战备 ,是新中国党和国家领导人面对当时严峻的国家安全环境的必然反应 ,其决策的正确性不容置疑。这次战备有得有失 ,增强了国防实力 ,提高了新中国的国际地位 ,有效地维护了国家安全 ,但同时也给国家经济发展和军队现代化建设带来一定的不良影响。汲取这次战备的经验和教训 ,对做好新时期的军事斗争准备不无裨益。     

Managing flood risk in the UK: towards an integration of social and technical perspectives

In recent years, an apparent increase in the frequency and severity of floods in the UK has led to growing concerns about societal exposure and vulnerability to flooding, particularly in the context of climate change, floodplain development and changing insurance practices. Despite the important link between assessments of exposure to flooding (hazard assessments) and issues of societal vulnerability, this link has rarely been explored in detail and has often been reflected in policy terms by a highly technocratic approach to flood risk management. Indeed, more comprehensive studies have usually favoured rigid and deterministic definitions of vulnerability, in keeping with the wider technocratic paradigm pervading management institutions. In an attempt to redress the balance, this paper considers the role of hazard assessment and issues of societal vulnerability as mutually informative debates and advocates a movement away from the technocratic ideals currently favoured in the UK.     

县域循环经济与产业协同发展成熟度评价指标体系研究

循环经济是一个全新的发展理念,反映出可持续发展的实质性内容,也是实现县域经济产业协同发展的重要保障。评价某个县域发展状况是一个系统工程,目前在国内外尚没有一个完整的评价体系。本文试图探究建立一套科学合理的评价指标体系,从而对中国县域经济产业协同发展成熟度作出总体的评价。     

Student field experiences: designing for different instructors and variable weather

This study compares the field experience and development of sense of place (in this case, human attributed meanings and attachments to the field area) in geoscience students on three separate course sections of a six-day introductory geological mapping field trip. Students stayed in a small farm station within their 4 km² field area, worked in groups of three or four, and produced an individual final assessment. Findings from student interviews and pre-post surveys indicated that there were no significant differences in perceptions of the field trip purpose or sense of place between field trip sections, despite differences in instructor pedagogy and sense of place, as well as varied weather conditions. There were significant increases in student sense of place on all field trips, in contrast with previous work on a “roadside” (regional, multi-site) field trip where no significant change in sense of place occurred. In-field observations and instructor interviews identified key characteristics that supported similar sense of place and experiences on all trips: (1) consistent intended learning outcomes, (2) a carefully selected and immersive field area valued by instructors, and (3) an assessment connected to the landscape/field area with flexibility in its implementation, especially when faced with adverse weather conditions.