康熙天坛祈雨的历史书写与史实考析——兼论康熙雍正灾异观念演变及其影响

康熙早年虔信精诚格天,分别于十年、十七年、十八年、十九年、二十六年五次亲诣天坛祈雨,二十六年底为孝庄祈寿未果后,对"天道"认知发生显著变化,停止亲诣天坛祈雨,在荒政方面更侧重防灾备灾与人事赈救。《清圣祖实录》纂修者基于雍正的灾异观念,篡改康熙十七年、十九年降雨时间,删削康熙对停止亲诣天坛祈雨的解释,从而维护康熙敬天的"圣君"形象和上天的"灵验"形象。康熙不言祥瑞,对灾异持务实态度。雍正的灾异观念虽然有助于他加强君主集权,提升统治效能,但很大程度上也造成官僚系统灾情呈报的讳匿风习,对民生吏治与国家治理产生负面影响。     

One Region,Many Regionalisms: The Multiple Identities of a Neo-Gothic Circle in the Low Countries (1863–1900)

Summary

Historical scholars have recently turned their attention to local communities, resulting in a lively debate about the role of regions and provinces in Western Europe. This has quite predictably led many to question this resurgence of local identities in order to discover the cultural roots and the geographical boundaries of these identities and their interaction with the formation of nation-states in the literary, artistic and political practices of the past two centuries. This article provides an introduction to one specific transnational intellectual network, the Guild of Saint Thomas and Saint Luke, which in the latter half of the nineteenth century served as a forum for the different local identities which were influential in the Gothic (and Catholic) Revival of the Low Countries. The interaction among the most influential members during the annual excursions of the Guild and the choice for the locations of these meetings resulted in different ideological discourses about the position and the borders of ‘Christian art’ in the Low Countries. Due to both internal and external influences these discourses very soon integrated into the national frame, making the definition of a potentially common style for the whole area impossible. The analysis is based on existing literature on regionalism and the Neo-Gothic Revival, and on archive material concerning the first meetings of the Guild. The above-mentioned observations offer the opportunity to underline the peculiarity of transnational permanent networks composed by a fluctuating number of participants and to stimulate debate about the applicability of this example to other geo-cultural contexts.     

盆地东大路与四川“东大路经济带”的兴衰

唐宋时期,四川盆地形成南北二道,北道地位更高;南道地位相对较低,是东大路的前身。在明清四川盆地政治经济重心东移南迁的背景下,重庆成为与成都相当之一极,由此东大路逐渐定型与繁盛。明代东大路设立12个驿站,清代基本相承;沿线还设有大量铺递。东大路总里程为1000里左右,共10程,实际行走11—12天,西段往往借助沱江水路舟行。东大路定型于明初,初时多以“东南路”“川东路”“东路”相称。“东大路”之名形成于清末民初,它有联系两极、浅丘农业、丰沛水利、通江达海、界邻盐都等自然、人文优势,是四川盆地第一路,客观上形成“东大路经济带”。20世纪90年代以来“东大路经济带”地位下降,但“成渝双城经济圈”战略的提出又为古老的东大路振兴带来了机遇。     

明刘彦昺生卒年考略

刘彦昺是元末明初的一位名士,其生卒年一直未得其详。今据嘉靖十二年刘氏六世孙刘塾刻本《春雨轩集》所载《自序墓志铭》及文后刘氏后裔之小注,考定刘彦昺生于元文宗至顺二年(1331)九月初三日卯时,卒于明洪武三十二年(1399)四月初三日寅时。     

唐墓彩绘文物的保护研究

针对唐代墓葬的几件彩陶文物和壁画的特殊要求,选择性能优良的保护材料对彩绘文物进行加固保护。通过X-射线荧光光谱仪和分光光度仪进行彩绘文物颜料成分分析,选用浓度为2%的B72和2%的改性B72加固保护彩绘文物,测试保护后文物的表面颜料粘结性、耐水性、耐酸碱等性能,同时选用分光光度仪和粘接强度仪测试光照老化后文物的颜料颜色和粘接强度的变化。试验结果表明,文物颜料主要成分包括铅丹、铅丹和朱砂混合物、土红以及石绿;加固保护后文物的粘结性、耐水性和耐酸碱度都有所提高,且改性B72的提高程度比B72大;光照老化后改性B72保护的彩绘文物颜料主波长、色纯度和亮度变化均小于B72的变化,改性B72的粘接强度提高指数是B72的3倍之多,粘接性能优于B72。综合对比可以看出,加入紫外线吸收剂的改性B72保护材料很好地起到加固和保护彩绘文物的作用,在彩绘文物加固保护材料的选择上具有借鉴和指导意义。     

Phytolith taphonomy: a comparison of dry ashing and acid extraction on the breakdown of conjoined phytoliths formed in Triticum durum

Durum wheat plants grown under optimum irrigation conditions in Jordan were processed in three different ways: 1) using a dry ashing method, 2) using acid extraction and 3) using both these methods, first dry ashing and then acid extraction. The aim was to determine if the laboratory processing method employed has an impact on the number of conjoined phytoliths recovered. This is important because it has been proposed that the number of conjoined phytoliths, or multi cells, can be an indication of water availability in arid and semi-arid regions (Rosen and Weiner 1994). The results showed that the processing method does have an impact on the resulting assemblage, with dry ashing producing a greater number of multi-cells than acid extraction. It is proposed that either the more violent oxidation of organic matter during acid extraction causes the breakup of conjoined phytoliths, or that the silica dehydrates during dry ashing resulting in a slight fusion between the individual phytoliths and hence more conjoined forms.     

酸沉降对室外文物材质破坏的试验方法

用现场暴露试验和室内模拟试验检验酸沉降对文物材料的破坏程度。提出了两种试验方法、试验步骤、试验后材料腐蚀速率的计算,建立材料损伤函数的几个步骤。     

Obtaining Black Carbon—A Simple Method for the Safe Removal of Mineral Components from Soils and Archaeological Layers

In this study, we present a novel, safe method for how to remove inorganic components from soil samples studied for archaeological purposes, in order to improve studies of the distribution of black carbon in the sedimentary record. As the depositional history of this material depends on the interaction between humans and the natural environment, this method can be widely used in archaeology, landscape archaeology, palaeoecology, environmental geology and sedimentology. Our method does not require the use of dangerous hydrofluoric acid, which is commonly used for the removal of silicon oxide from such samples; therefore, this procedure allows even less chemically trained scientists to analyse soil samples with an increased level of work safety.     

Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Bladelet Use at the Moorehead Circle,Fort Ancient

In the past twenty years, lithic use-wear studies have been used to determine the function of Hopewell bladelets. These studies have uniformly shown that the bladelets were multipurpose, utilitarian tools in domestic contexts. Debate arises as to their function in ritual or ceremonial contexts. The question of bladelet function in ceremonial contexts remains unanswered because use-wear studies of bladelets have not been extensively applied to well-provenienced ceremonial assemblages. Microwear analysis was conducted on a sample of bladelets recovered from the Moorehead Circle within the Fort Ancient Earthworks in order to comment on the above debate as well as to determine the activities that occurred there prehistorically. The Moorehead Circle was a center of intensive activity as evidenced by the high rate of utilization and numerous tasks performed with bladelets. Intersite comparison indicates that the Moorehead Circle bladelets were utilized for the same range of tasks as bladelets from other sites in Ohio.     

碧水青苔衣 白云红树雨——记中国历史名城博览会·雨花石文化暨周德麟藏石精品展

雨花石文化是南京特有的赏石文化,有着深刻的人文内涵,对其中蕴涵的人文历史还有待进一步的研究。