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31.
    
Results from soil chemical analysis have demonstrated enhanced concentrations of lead (Pb) associated with archaeological sites. However, interpretation of these Pb concentrations is difficult because of the multitude of possible Pb sources. This pilot study of an abandoned croft in Shetland suggests that Pb isotope ratios have the potential to identify sources of anthropogenic Pb. The results highlight two different Pb associations. The first includes hearth, house floor and house overburden soils, with end members of fuel materials and an unidentified material with a low (< 1.126) 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratio. The second includes byre, kailyard (garden) and arable soils, with end members of hearth materials and local wind‐blown sand.  相似文献   
32.
Thirty‐eight archaeological marbles (Roman and medieval) from Modena and Reggio Emilia (northern Italy) were provenanced using the accessory minerals as tracers and the results were compared with those inferred for the same artefacts using isotope composition and MGS (maximum grain size of calcite grains). The number of inferred possible sources is generally lower when using the mineralogical method, which therefore seems to be suited to marble provenancing.  相似文献   
33.
Some archaeological silver objects are found to be brittle. The brittleness is a consequence of long‐term corrosion and microstructural changes. The types and mechanisms of embrittlement are defined and explained. The severity of embrittlement is increased by a larger grain size and by synergistic action of corrosion‐induced and microstructurally induced embrittlement. Micromechanical models of fracture that incorporate the grain size provide an insight into these effects and help to explain why severely embrittled objects are frangible or even friable.  相似文献   
34.
During the study of a large number of archaeological glass fragments, manganese‐rich inclusions in leached layers were observed in a limited number of cases. This phenomenon occurs only in black‐coloured leached layers. Since the formation mechanism of such manganese‐rich inclusions is still unclear, a combination of several analytical techniques was used in order to investigate this phenomenon and, more specifically, to obtain more information on (a) the composition and morphology of the inclusions, (b) the chemical state of Mn and (c) the 3D morphology of the inclusions. A mechanism that might explain the formation of these inclusions is proposed.  相似文献   
35.
Book Review     
《Public Archaeology》2013,12(2):96-98
Abstract

The year 2011 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the World Archaeological Congress (WAC). WAC marked a bold intervention in the politics of knowledge in archaeology in the context of the mid-1980s. But how has it fared in contemporary worlds of practice? In this paper, two senior WAC members take a close and critical look at the changing fortunes, meanings, and contexts of the organization. At its centre, is an account of the controversial meeting between the WAC Executive and Rio Tinto Limited, the mining multinational, in Melbourne in 2007. Other parts of the paper engage with notions of the Indigenous, and discuss the assumptions informing the WAC programme Archaeologists Without Borders. Framed as a challenge, the paper invites response and commentary, as a way of opening debate which allows us to envisage alternative futures for the discipline, beyond the banal prospect of 'Archaeology Inc.'.  相似文献   
36.
Abstract

A failed attempt to produce a Management Manual for World Heritage Archaeological Sites and Monuments brought together a body of experts in 2002 at Ma'agan, Israel. This paper aims to make the general recommendations of the Ma'agan meeting more widely known among those concerned with the management of archaeological sites. The paper summarizes the outcomes of the meeting, including ideas on the structure of a management plan, the planning process, team building and public participation, site significance, conservation, monitoring, maintenance, presentation and interpretation, tourism and action plans; and includes a select bibliography.  相似文献   
37.
    
Lipids are a broad group of naturally occurring molecules, which includes fats, oils, waxes, sterols, terpenes, fat‐soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids and others. Lipids have been widely used in human history and they are often present in archaeological finds. In particular, in the field of medicine and cosmetics, lipids have been employed as base in the preparation of unguents, salves and balms. The characterization of these products and their degradation products induced by ageing is important for an understanding of the ancient pharmaceutical techniques and to assess the state of conservation. 1H‐NMR and, for the first time, 31P‐NMR spectroscopy have been applied to the characterization of such compounds. By derivatization of the samples with 2‐chloro‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane, it is possible to recognize, quantify and evaluate the degradation degree of lipids in archaeological unguent samples. With this new approach, lipids have been recognized in 17th‐century archaeological ointments from the Aboca Museum. Moreover, severe hydrolysis and oxidation markers have been detected.  相似文献   
38.
    
Three apparently well‐preserved shipwrecks dating back to Roman times were brought to light near Piazza Municipio in Naples (Italy), during the excavation for the construction of Line 1 of the subway. The shipwrecks were covered by marine sand and silt, below the water table. In order to establish the nature and the extent of wood degradation and, therefore, determine how best to preserve the shipwrecks, a diagnostic investigation was carried out. The study involved the identification of wood species, chemical characterization of the residue component and physical and micro‐morphological characterization.  相似文献   
39.
    
I. LIRITZIS 《Archaeometry》2006,48(3):533-547
The water diffusion mechanism in obsidian has been revisited with the advent of a new dating approach employing secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The water diffusion SIMS(+) profile and the concept of a surface saturation (SS) layer in obsidians both provide a sound basis for the new diffusion age equation (SIMS‐SS) and are supported by dated world examples ( Liritzis et al. 2004 ). Here, we present the basic physical–chemical analysis of the mass transport phenomenon on which the new dating method is based. The crucial age parameter of the SIMS‐SS dating approach for archaeological obsidians—that is, the surface saturation (SS) layer—is supported by both theoretical and experimental data.  相似文献   
40.
    
Controversy over the alpine route taken by the Hannibalic Army from the Rhône Basin into Italia in 218 bc (2168 cal bp ) has raged amongst classicists for over two millennia. Because Hannibal crossed the Alps, the significance for identifying the route taken by the Punic Army lies more in its potential for identifying sites of historical archaeological significance than a resolution of one of history's most enduring questions. While compelling stratigraphic, geochemical and microbiological evidence has been recovered from an alluvial floodplain mire in the upper Guil Valley, located below the Col de la Traversette (about 3000 masl) on the French–Italian border, it potentially identifies the invasion route as the one originally proposed by Sir Gavin de Beer in 1974. The dated layers in several sections, termed the MAD (mass animal deposition) beds based on disrupted/churned bedding and key/specialized biological components strongly supports de Beer's thesis that Hannibal chose the highest transit col into Italia. In addition to other physical evidence, we present here new physical, geomorphological and stratigraphic evidence, all calibrated by radiocarbon dating, that suggests Hannibal's imprint on the landscape exists in coalescing alluvial fans in the upper Po catchment of northern Italy.  相似文献   
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