C4‐Plant Foraging in Northern Italy: Stable Isotopes,Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca Data of Human Osteological Samples from Roccapelago (16th–18th Centuries AD)

Human osteological samples (n = 23) taken from different anatomical parts of 11 individuals from the early modern (16th–18th century AD) site of Roccapelago (Modena, Italy) were systematically analysed for δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and trace elements to investigate their diet. δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N correlate and show a high variability between individuals, attesting to the dietary contribution of C₄ plants. This is supported by pollen analysis of the burial site samples, which revealed the presence of maize. δ¹⁵N correlates with Sr/Ca, suggesting that the main protein source could have been milk and dairy. We therefore interpret the strong correlation between δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N as evidence for C₄‐plant foraging practice and the exploitation of livestock for meat and milk, combined with possible direct intake of C₄ plants. The Roccapelago site represents an important case study to track the evolution of the post‐medieval diet and the introduction of maize cultivation in southern Europe, as also attested by historical sources.     

Wine Bottles From Lisbon: Archaeometric Studies Of Two Archaeological Sites Dated From The 17th To The 19th Century

Two sets of wine bottles dated between the end of the 17th and the 19th centuries were characterized by means of μ‐PIXE (major and minor elements) and LA–ICP–MS (trace and REE elements). The fragmented wine bottles were recovered from two archaeological contexts in Lisbon and reach a total of 79 fragments. One of the archaeological bottle sets comes from a house structure that collapsed during the major earthquake in 1755, providing a precise terminus ante quem. The second set comes from the exploratory archaeological intervention performed in Rua do Arsenal, where the Côrte‐Real Palace (built in the 16th century), was discovered. From this site, posterior contexts dated up to the 19th century were considered. This systematic study allowed the glass to be identified as high‐lime, low‐alkali (HLLA) for all the considered chronologies. However, the 19th‐century bottles have a different HLLA composition, suggesting the use of synthetic soda. Comparison with data from literature showed some similarity with English, Belgium and French reported compositions. This is the first systematic attempt to characterize the composition of glass wine bottles circulating in Portugal, giving new insights into their probable provenances, and on the exchange between Portugal and its trading allies.     

A Bioarchaeological and Biogeochemical Study of Warfare and Mobility in Andahuaylas,Peru (ca. ad 1160–1260)

Warfare impacts how people and populations can move about the landscape. Ethnographers have posited that internal warfare, conflict that takes place within a single society, is strongly associated with female abduction. In contrast, external warfare, combat between different societies, is often accompanied by the in‐migration of men for purposes of defence. To test this assertion, we evaluate human remains from one of the most violent eras in Andean prehistory, the Late Intermediate Period (ad 1000–1400). In the south‐central highlands of Andahuaylas, Peru, this era witnessed the coalescence of two formidable polities, the Chanka and the Quichua. Ethnohistoric accounts describe internal warfare among the Chanka and external warfare between the Quichua and their neighbours. In this study, bioarchaeological and biogeochemical methods are marshalled to elucidate ancient patterns of violence and mobility with greater nuance. We employ strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel apatite to inform on residential origin, and we reconstruct patterns of violent conflict through analysis of cranial trauma. In all, 265 crania were excavated from 17 cave ossuaries at two Chanka sites and one Quichua site. Data were collected on age, sex and cranial modification—an indicator of social identity and cranial trauma. A representative subsample of molars from 34 individuals subjected to strontium isotope analysis demonstrates that among the Chanka, violence was significantly directed towards social groups within society, marked by modified crania. The presence of two nonlocal women with signs of increased morbidity and mistreatment points to possible mobility‐by‐abduction. In contrast, among the Quichua, men have significantly more trauma, and wounds are concentrated on the anterior. Trauma on women is lower, nonlethal, and concentrated on the posterior. This divergent pattern is commonly observed in external warfare (raids and community defence), where men face attackers and women escape them. The presence of two nonlocal men supports a mobility model of strategic in‐migration. In sum, osteological and isotopic data sets are shown to reveal divergent life‐course experiences not captured by the archaeological data or historic records alone. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Immigrant hosts and intra-regional travel

ABSTRACT

A large number of tourism-related experiences involve a personal relationship between a visitor and resident host. As immigration continues to be an increasingly integral experience for many people and communities, and advances in technology make relationship maintenance more accessible, the traditional distinctions of travel types based on ‘pleasure’, ‘visiting friends and relatives’ (VFR), and even ‘business’ become blurred and detrimental to conceptual understandings for large numbers of tourism experiences and their impacts. The purpose is to explore the experiences of immigrants with intra-regional travel when they host VFRs. Constructionism was used as a guiding epistemology in this narrative analysis. The research co-constructed narratives with nine participants in Toronto, Canada about their hosting and intra-regional travel. The hosting experience is powerful, linking old and new worlds, and challenging traditional discursive tourism binaries such as home and away. The experience of intra-regional communities through side-trips with VFR guests added additional context where the host was in a non-routine place on vacation, with a guest who brings expectations of participating in leisure, but in a place that has cultural links to the participant's ongoing integration and connection to the broader sense of Canadian culture. Hosting both inspired intra-regional travel, and enhanced the memorable co-construction of meaning associated with the experience as links and distinctions to the culture of origin were more easily made due to the co-presence of their guest. Implications for integration, place making and marketing are discussed.     

基于改进灰关联分析的设施选址评价

本文在运用灰关联分析法评价成本因素与非成本因素综合存在的设施选址问题的基础上,运用改进的灰关联分析,引入向量夹角余弦确定权重的方法对影响选址的各项指标进行了权重分析,并通过优、劣关联度确定综合关联度,综合关联度最大者为最优方案。     

L'ANALYSE DES CORRESPONDANCES: UNE AIDE À LA DESCRIPTION DE DONNÉES SPATIO-TEMPORELLES — APPLICATION À L'OCCUPATION DU SOL EN RÉGION WALLONNE, BELGIQUE

L'analyse des correspondances (AC) est une méthode exploratoire d'analyse multivariée destinée à représenter graphiquement et de façon synthétique les lignes et les colonnes d'un tableau de contingence. Dans la présente application, nous considerons un ensemble de tables annuelles qui ventilent la surface de la Région wallonne selon ses cinq provinces et ses classes d'occupation du sol. Ces tables annuelles sont juxtaposées et traitées simultanément par AC, de sorte qu'on peut suivre sur les graphiques l'évolution des provinces et celle des occupations. Grâce à un critère de maximisation de l'inertie temporelle, ces dynamiques sont paticulièrement bien mises en évidence en une représentation toutefois très concise.
Correspondence analysis (CA) is an exploratory multivariate technique used to represent graphically and in a synthetic way the rows and columns of a contingency table. In this application, we consider a set of annual tables that cross-classify the Walloon Region surface according to its five provinces and land-cover classes. These annual tables are juxtaposed and processed simultaneously by CA, so that one can observe on the graphical displays the temporal changes of the provinces and those of the land-cover classes. Thanks to a criterion of maximizing temporal inertia, these dynamics are particularly well emphasized in a very concise representation.     

对开发陕西农业旅游的思考

农业旅游是一种新型旅游活动项目,它是当今旅游新需求的必然产物。本文从发展陕西农业旅游所具有的重要现实意义及其开发的可行性进行论述,并提出在进行农业旅游开发项目论证时应抓住的论证角度,力求为陕西农业旅游开发提供必要理论参考。     

申明铺遗址出土铁器的工艺考察

申明铺遗址(编号2004.HN.X.A-5)位于河南省南阳市淅川县滔河乡申明铺村北,丹江南岸的河边台地上,遗址出土铁器的器形有釜、鍪、环首刀、剑、铧、锸、削、灯、锛、环、席镇等。年代跨越较大,从战国到清代都有,但以汉代为主。为揭示该遗址铁器制造工艺及相关问题,应用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱分析仪(SEM-EDS)等检测手段,对采集于申明铺遗址的铁质农具、兵器、手工工具及生活用具等14件铁器残片进行了金相及扫描电镜能谱分析。结果表明,对硬度、强度、韧性等机械性能要求较高的农具和兵器多采用固体脱碳技术;较大型的炊具,如铁釜、铁鍪等则采用白口铁、麻口铁及灰口铁等铸造工艺。从一个侧面表明,战国至汉代,我国南阳地区的冶铁水平业已十分高超。     

西夏陵瓷质和琉璃建筑构件的工艺特点研究

琉璃建筑构件在中国历史悠久,起源于北魏,唐宋时期已在高等级建筑上大量使用,鼎盛于元明清时期。西夏作为少数民族政权,同宋辽金并立,处于琉璃瓦技术发展的重要过渡阶段。西夏陵遗址是西夏时期官式建筑的典型代表,位于宁夏回族自治区银川市西郊贺兰山东麓,经考古调查与发掘,出土了大批文物,包括大量建筑构件,以白瓷板瓦与各种类型的绿釉琉璃建筑构件为主,即为官式建筑的典型代表。 当前对西夏陵的考古工作及出土文物的研究,已取得了许多重要的成果,但对西夏的瓷质和琉璃建筑构件,主要是通过考古类型学与历史文献对其社会功能等加以考释,对工艺研究甚少,同时相关的技术特点与来源也是一个亟待解决的问题。为研究西夏时期官式建筑材料的工艺特点,选取该遗址出土的白瓷板瓦、绿釉琉璃瓦30件,采用X射线荧光分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对其进行成分分析、物相分析及显微观察。结果表明,白瓷板瓦胎体Al₂O₃含量较高,存在莫来石,釉料配方属于钙碱釉,工艺精细,与同时期灵武窑白瓷接近,应采用白瓷技术制作;绿釉琉璃瓦胎体CaO与Fe₂O₃含量较高,属于北方普通高钙易熔黏土,釉料为铜作着色剂的铅釉,与宋代绿釉琉璃瓦成分相近,符合传统的低温铅绿釉体系,可能是借鉴中原技术完成的。两种材质的瓦件都是西夏时期高等级建筑构件,官式建材的典型代表,是同时存在的,展现出西夏时期在官式建材生产技术上的多元性。但这两种技术差别较大,来源不同,反映出西夏在官式建材生产中兼容并包,在学习中原传统的同时又能紧密结合佛教文化,极具党项族的民族特色。更重要的是,西夏时期的建筑体系已趋于复杂化,可能会根据建筑不同部位、性质、等级与功能来使用不同的琉璃瓦构件,这对建筑琉璃体系的丰富与发展是极大的贡献。 本工作利用科技考古分析,探究西夏时期官式建筑构件的工艺特点,讨论制作技术反映出的建筑思想伦理;进一步丰富西夏瓷质和琉璃建筑构件的研究,与宋辽金时期建筑琉璃形成对比,补充了中国古代建筑琉璃技术的研究;同时加深了对西夏官式建筑的认识,也促进了对西夏与中原地区文化融合互鉴的理解。     

杭州万松岭老虎洞窑青瓷的胎釉成分分析

近年来在杭州凤凰山万松岭附近发现了古陶瓷窑遗址,经初步发掘考证,有专家学者认为是南宋官窑修内司窑遗址,然而也有学者对此表示异议。本文通过对万松岭出土青瓷及相关青瓷胎釉成分的分析对比,认为万松岭老虎洞官窑就是修内司官窑,同时也论述了修内司官窑以及郊坛官窑青瓷采用的浙江地区原料,而不是从河南地区引进部分原料烧制。