Delayed Asian Transitions to Adulthood

Korea witnessed a steady increase in women marrying younger men from 8.5 per cent in 1993 to 14.3 per cent in 2009. This study examines those women marrying younger men in Korea through an empirical analysis using a large and reliable data set of more than 5 million observations collected from marriage register reports from 1993 to 2009. The results indicated that an increase in Older-Women/Younger-Men Marriages (OWYMMs) in Korea was mainly due to a steady increase in the woman’s age at marriage and show that women with a higher level of education and/or income than men were more likely to choose the OWYMM. That is, the incidence of OWYMMs was related more to the gap in the level of education or income between spouses than to the absolute level of education or income of individual spouses. In this sense, the results provide empirical support for exchange theory.     

Factors affecting female age at marriage in South Asia

In contrast to East and South-east Asia, changes in marriage patterns have played a small role in reducing fertility in South Asia. While age at marriage for women has risen, it remains early, with the exception of Sri Lanka, and change has been slow. Except in Sri Lanka, the region has shown few signs that there will be a sizable population that will never marry. South Asia's marriage patterns reflect its cultural context and lesser socio-economic change but their precise effect is not simple or always predictable. The paper examines these issues in Bangladesh, where age at marriage is very early, and Sri Lanka, where it is much later. The study areas, Dhaka city and south-western Sri Lanka, are ones of great economic and social change. A particular examination is made of the way in which changes in the arrangement of marriage affect age at marriage.     

Simulation of the impact of faults on CO2 injection into sandstone reservoirs

Numerical simulations of multiphase CO₂ behavior within faulted sandstone reservoirs examine the impact of fractures and faults on CO₂ migration in potential subsurface injection systems. In southeastern Utah, some natural CO₂ reservoirs are breached and CO₂‐charged water flows to the surface along permeable damage zones adjacent to faults; in other sites, faulted sandstones form barriers to flow and large CO₂‐filled reservoirs result. These end‐members serve as the guides for our modeling, both at sites where nature offers ‘successful’ storage and at sites where leakage has occurred. We consider two end‐member fault types: low‐permeability faults dominated by deformation‐band networks and high‐permeability faults dominated by fracture networks in damage zones adjacent to clay‐rich gouge. Equivalent permeability (k) values for the fault zones can range from <10^?14 m² for deformation‐band‐dominated faults to >10^?12 m² for fracture‐dominated faults regardless of the permeability of unfaulted sandstone. Water–CO₂ fluid‐flow simulations model the injection of CO₂ into high‐k sandstone (5 × 10^?13 m²) with low‐k (5 × 10^?17 m²) or high‐k (5 × 10^?12 m²) fault zones that correspond to deformation‐band‐ or fracture‐dominated faults, respectively. After 500 days, CO₂ rises to produce an inverted cone of free and dissolved CO₂ that spreads laterally away from the injection well. Free CO₂ fills no more than 41% of the pore space behind the advancing CO₂ front, where dissolved CO₂ is at or near geochemical saturation. The low‐k fault zone exerts the greatest impact on the shape of the advancing CO₂ front and restricts the bulk of the dissolved and free CO₂ to the region upstream of the fault barrier. In the high‐k aquifer, the high‐k fault zone exerts a small influence on the shape of the advancing CO₂ front. We also model stacked reservoir seal pairs, and the fracture‐dominated fault acts as a vertical bypass, allowing upward movement of CO₂ into overlying strata. High‐permeability fault zones are important pathways for CO₂ to bypass unfaulted sandstone, which leads to reduce sequestration efficiency. Aquifer compartmentalization by low‐permeability fault barriers leads to improved storativity because the barriers restrict lateral CO₂ migration and maximize the volume and pressure of CO₂ that might be emplaced in each fault‐bound compartment. As much as a 3.5‐MPa pressure increase may develop in the injected reservoir in this model domain, which under certain conditions may lead to pressures close to the fracture pressure of the top seal.     

Scotland's wartime airfields: Conflict and legacy

Prior to the outbreak of World War 2 there were very few active military airfields in Scotland but with the end of Appeasement in 1938 a major programme of expansion was underway. This paper traces the origins of the airfields used in World War 2 and discusses wartime roles and duties undertaken. Spatial distribution and socio‐economic effects are considered along with post‐war uses of this substantial legacy.     

典型硫酸盐环境中砖质文物的脱盐与加固材料

中国保存有众多砖质文物建筑,目前这些文物多处于户外环境中,面临严重盐害导致的掏蚀损毁问题。因而,研究兼具脱盐功能的加固材料成为砖质文物等保护的一种创新思路,加固材料的研制和工艺技术的开发是其重点和难点,具有重大的社会需求和急迫性。为此,本工作从可溶性盐的破坏机制出发,研究出一种双组分无机加固材料,加固方法是Ba(OH)_2甲醇溶液与H_2C_2O_4、H_3PO_4乙醇溶液交替滴加,并模拟可溶性盐(NaCl、KCl、Na_2SO_4)分布的典型环境,进行加固、除盐,借助X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)和无线阻尼抗钻仪等现代科学仪器,追踪盐的流出与转化过程。结果表明,本材料不仅能够加固模拟样品,同时能对最具破坏性的盐Na_2SO_4实现不可逆转化,生成重晶石的主要成分BaSO_4,加固与脱盐一次完成,是一种具有实际应用潜力的新材料。     

战国时期韩国三大都城比较研究

宜阳故城、阳翟故城和新郑韩城是战国时期韩国在进军中原的过程中先后建立的三个都城,这三大都城在选址、宫城和宫殿区以及防御设施和体系的营建、陵区的规划等方面有着明显的相似性。同时,受不同历史条件的影响,也表现出了很大的差异性,比如都城性质、城郭布局、破郑风水等。这些异同的比较有助于我们探讨当时韩国的社会和历史面貌。     

The Geography of Marriage

While some geographical surveys on marriage behaviour concern general marriage patterns and family systems, there are other discussions on regional variations in marriage within specific countries. This article belongs to the latter tradition, charting the regional differences in ages at marriage in Sweden from 1870 to 1900, and exploring potential determinants of the regional variation. The study builds on Sundbärg's division of Sweden into three main demographic regions, the subsequent Swedish research, and the historical-demographic studies on the determinants of marriage. The results do not fit perfectly into Sundbärg's geography but find a basic divide between the west and east/north of Sweden, mean ages at first marriage being one to one-and-a-half years higher in the west. Social norms and socioeconomic structure seem to have influenced the timing of marriage. At county level, family farming and crowding/competition over land and tenure were typically associated with later marriages, while commercial agriculture and a more diverse economy were correlated with a lower average marriage age. Also, in counties where real wages were higher, marriages usually took place earlier. Finally, results indicate that counties characterized by more secular and tolerant values were on average associated with earlier marriages.     

3D Digital Documentation,Assessment, and Damage Quantifi cation of the Al-Deir Monument in the Ancient City of Petra,Jordan

Abstract

The rock-cut monuments in the ancient city of Petra in Jordan form an outstanding tangible heritage site. Unfortunately, this important part of the world's cultural heritage is gradually being diminished due to weathering and erosion problems. In this research, an approach combining in situ surveying and laboratory analysis is applied in order to provide sufficient and comprehensive data regarding the documentation and evaluation of the status of the Al-Deir monument in Petra. The purpose was not only to quantify the damage, but also to make a first step towards creating a 3D monitoring programme of the deterioration rate. The approach presents a correlation study between the environmental condition and the surface weathering damage, using 2D mapping of the weathering form and accurate 3D realistic modelling from laser scanning and digital photogrammetry. The 2D mapping provides detailed weathering damage information for the entire stone surface of the monument, whereas the 3D modelling provides information on the spatial distribution and texture of the damage. Additionally, the 3D digital model can provide reference data as an exact guide to the restoration needed. In order to support the visual presentation of 3D surface details, a hybrid approach combining data from laser scanning and digital imagery was developed.

Studies of stone texture and spatial distribution of soluble salts were carried out at the monument in order to explain the mechanism of the weathering problem. Relative humidity, temperature, and wind are the main factors in the salt damage process. In order to study the effect of these conditions in the salt crystallization process a series of fieldwork investigations and laboratory work were undertaken. The results show that visible zoning of weathering damage is correlated to different salt concentrations.     

乙二醛脱水加固定型曾侯乙墓和包山楚墓彩漆主棺

采用湖北省博物馆陈中行研究员发明的乙二醛复合液法脱水加固定型曾侯乙墓和包山楚墓出土的彩绘漆棺,漆棺脱水处理后色泽正常,保持了脱水前的色彩,未发生开裂变形,强度与脱水前相比有大幅提高。     

“海峡两岸——中原两周列国考古与文化研讨会”纪要

2011年12月21～23日由河南博物与台北历史博物馆共同举办的"海峡两岸——中原两周列国考古与文化研讨会"在河南郑州开幕,来自海峡两岸各地的学者参加此次会议。会议总结了两岸学者对辉县琉璃阁甲乙墓的研究成果,回顾了近十多年来两周考古的新发现,讨论了学术界目前关于两周考古的热点问题。此次会议是两岸携手对甲乙墓研究的一个阶段性成果,同时也是对近十多年来两周考古的重要发现和研究成果的一个检阅和总结。