保存液Ph值和钙离子浓度对古尸骨组织脱钙的影响

为了检测保存液pH值和Ca2 浓度对古尸骨组织脱钙的影响,本实验于2002年检测了古尸保存液的pH值和微量元素含量,然后分两步调整了马王堆古尸保存液的pH值和Ca2 浓度,并分别于2004年、2006年进行了相同检测。结果发现适当上调保存液的pH值和Ca2 浓度能明显延缓古尸保存液中Ca2 浓度的增加:而保持适当的pH值、适当降低Ca2 浓度明显加速了古尸保存液中Ca2 浓度的增加。这些表明保存液pH值和Ca2 浓度的适当提高有利于防止古尸骨组织的脱钙。     

The geochemical evolution of very dilute CO2‐rich water in Chungcheong Province,Korea: processes and pathways

A geochemical study was carried out on the CO₂‐rich water occurring in granite areas of Chungcheong Province, Korea. In this area, very dilute and acidic CO₂‐rich waters [62–242 mg l^?1 in total dissolved solid (TDS), 4.0–5.3 in pH; group I) occur together with normal CO₂‐rich waters (317–988 mg l^?1 in TDS, 5.5–6.0 in pH; group II). The concentration levels and ages of group I water are similar to those of recently recharged and low‐mineralized groundwater (group III). Calculation of reaction pathways suggests that group I waters are produced by direct influx of CO₂ gas into group III type waters. When the groundwater is injected with CO₂, it develops the capacity to accept dissolved solids and it can evolve into water with very high solute concentrations. Whether the water is open or closed to the CO₂ gases becomes less important in controlling the reaction pathway of the CO₂‐rich groundwater when the initial pco ₂ is high. Our data show that most of the solutes are dissolved in the CO₂‐rich groundwater at pH > 5 where the weathering rates of silicates are very slow or independent of pH. Thus, groundwater age is likely more important in developing high solute concentrations in the CO₂‐rich groundwaters than accelerated weathering kinetics because of acidic pH caused by high pco ₂.     

The Application of Steroidal Biomarkers to Track the Abandonment of a Roman Wastewater Course at the Agora (Athens,Greece)*

A subterranean, stone‐built, sediment‐filled culvert discovered during excavations at the Agora (Athens, Greece) was dated to the Roman period on the basis of its characteristic construction and associated finds, including coins. The location of the culvert relative to other adjacent watercourses and an ancient river bed suggested that the structure was a sewer. This was confirmed through a multi‐molecular biomarker approach based on analysis of the bile acids associated with sediment filling the sewer, using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The acid fraction contained predominantly deoxycholic and lithocholic acids, while the neutral steroid fraction comprised a complex mixture of Δ⁵ sterol and 5β‐ and 5α‐stanols, dominated by coprostanol, suggesting the presence of faecal matter of predominantly human origin. The concentrations of neutral and acidic faecal biomarkers were observed to vary in tandem, with the highest concentrations being found in the sediment at the base of the fill in the culvert. A reduction in concentration occurred with decreasing depth of the fill, with concentrations in the uppermost samples being little different from control samples of sediment taken beyond the confines of the culvert. The enhanced concentration of bile acids relative to 5β‐stanols compared with fresh human faeces must reflect the enhanced diagenetic stability of the former, thereby making bile acids the possibly preferred biomarker for this type of study. The quantitative data obtained suggest that the culvert fell rapidly out of use, possibly coinciding with the Slavic incursion in AD 582–3.     

四川绵阳双包山汉墓出土部分漆器的制作工艺及老化程度分析

四川绵阳双包山二号汉墓发掘于1995年,为西汉早中期的墓葬,其规模巨大,是四川省迄今发现最大的一座木椁墓。尽管早期被盗,但仍然出土了 1 000余件遗物。该墓葬出土的8片银缕玉衣残片,以及数量较多的漆木马、骑马俑和车舆组成的仪仗队,足以证明其墓主身份的高贵。为保护修复双包山汉墓出土的漆器,利用扫描电子显微镜-能量色散光谱(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等分析方法对漆盘、漆耳杯、漆钵和漆木仓4件文物样品(编号分别为Q1、Q2、Q3和Q4)的截面形貌、颜料成分等髹漆工艺及漆膜的成分、老化程度等进行分析。红外分析结果表明,双包山汉墓漆器所用漆料为大漆,且不含桐油;截面分析结果表明四个样品均无漆灰层,Q1、Q2、Q4号样品内侧均是黑色的底漆层之上涂红色大漆,而Q3号样品内侧及Q1、Q2、Q3号样品外侧均是在黑色底漆层之上描绘红色纹饰,而Q4号样品外侧只有一层黑色底漆层。即大部分漆器为木材胎体表面直接髹黑色底漆层,其上再刷一层红色漆膜或绘制红色纹饰的工艺,少部分只有一层黑色大漆层,而无色漆和纹饰。红色漆膜表面平整,厚度比较均匀,而黑色漆膜厚度相差较大;EDS及XRD分析结果表明,黑、红两色漆膜的主要成分分别为炭黑和朱砂。该制作工艺不同于楚地漆器,但与马王堆M2、广州东山大墓、长沙市风篷岭M1出土漆器制作工艺类似,说明巴蜀地区与岭南、长沙地区可能存在漆器工艺或成品的交流。另外,SEM及FTIR分析结果表明,Q3表层无明显龟裂,且未出现降解所致红外吸收峰,相较于其他样品保存状况相对良好。相较于以往对双包山汉墓的研究,本研究更侧重于科技分析,如对漆器样品的截面形貌、颜料及漆膜的成分、老化程度等进行全面的分析,揭示了双包山汉墓漆器的制作工艺及保存状况,并与不同地区的漆器制作工艺进行了对比,对研究漆器工艺或成品的交流提供了依据。     

钧窑始烧年代考

钧窑被称为宋代的五大名窑 ,但考古工作中一直没有可信的材料证明其始烧于宋代 ,近年来国内外学界多撰文将钧窑的始烧年代定在金代以后。本文系统地介绍了 2 0 0 1年发掘禹州神刘家门窑址最早地层的出土器物 ,总结了其器形、胎釉和工艺特征。继之将其与考古发掘的窑址和墓葬材料进行对比 ,探讨了出土早期钧窑器物的窖藏、墓葬和遗址的年代 ,讨论了早期钧窑几项重要工艺的时代特征 ,结合窑址出土的纪年材料 ,证明刘家门窑第一期前段的时代为北宋徽、钦二宗时期 ,这也是钧窑的始烧时间。最后简论了钧窑是仿汝窑产生的 ,在北宋末期与汝窑同时生产。     

明清"滥设官吏"罪

"滥设官吏"罪是明代确立的罪名,清朝因之."滥设"是与"额设"相对的,"额设"是制度上允许的额定员额,由朝廷人事主管部门按缺铨选委署,是职官管理制度的重要构成."滥设"则是制度上不允许的,是所谓定编之外的官吏,不经朝廷人事部门或主管部门按缺铨选委署,则属于犯罪.理清"额设"与"滥设"的关系,分析各种各样"滥设官吏"罪的案情及千变万化的情节,则是本文的重点内容.     

The Patchwork and Adjustment of the Bronze Ding-Tripod of the Chu Tombs in the Warring States Period

The use of ding-tripod in Chu tombs was well established in the Warring States period and in most cases, it was strictly implemented. However, exceptions do exist. For example, in tomb of Marquis Yi of the Zeng state, archaeologists found two qiao-ding, which consists of two ding- tripods, one with a fitted lid and the other with a hooped lid. In the tomb No. 1 at Jiuliandun, a ding-tripod with a hooped lid was intentionally used and served as xu-ding. This paper attempts to understand burial rituals of the Chu state during the Warring State period by examining the tomb inventories (catalogues of funerary goods in the tombs) unearthed from the tomb No. 2 at Baoshan. It proposes that the use of ding-tripod in tombs was often adjusted according to the burial rituals.     

青铜古镜表面层富硅的考察

运用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针微量分析、X射线衍射、原子力显微镜和红外反射光谱等分析手段对16块古青铜镜残片的合金基体及表面层进行了分析比较,结果发现表面层内Cu含量低于基体,而Sn．O的含量则明显增高;表面层内有Si元素的富集,并且是以SiO_2非晶形态存在;对于不同种类的青铜镜,表面层深度不同,含Si量有差异,其表面光亮度和釉质感亦有区别。对古铜镜颜色的变化,SiO_2的保护作用及铜镜表面的加工工艺进行了分析探讨。     

Substitute or addition to hypermobile lifestyles? Second home mobility and Finnish CO2 emissions

Tourism produces an increasing share in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These are mostly derived from transport emissions, and long-haul air travel in particular. Short-haul domestic tourism is believed by some to be a potential substitute for long-haul tourism. Using the example of Finland this paper examines the extent to which domestic second home tourism can substitute for other leisure trips and therefore contribute to reductions of travel-generated GHG emissions. Survey data are used to evaluate the CO₂ emissions caused by travel to domestic second homes, and to create statistical models that verify if the owners of domestic second homes travel to other leisure destinations less frequently than others, and if they cause less emissions by their leisure mobility than others with comparable economic and demographic background. We find that although the owners and users of domestic second homes travel for other leisure purposes less frequently than others, this does not mean their leisure mobility generates less emissions. Overall, owners of second homes produce significantly more CO₂ by their leisure mobility than non-owners. The use of second homes does not seem to be a substitute for high emission long-haul travels, but rather a part of an overall highly mobile leisure lifestyle. It is therefore necessary to better understand and influence the entire range of individual mobility behaviours in order to reduce travel-related GHG emissions.     

Geometry‐coupled reactive fluid transport at the fracture scale: application to CO2 geologic storage

Water acidification follows CO₂ injection and leads to reactive fluid transport through pores and rock fractures, with potential implications to reservoirs and wells in CO₂ geologic storage and enhanced oil recovery. Kinetic rate laws for dissolution reactions in calcite and anorthite are combined with the Navier‐Stokes law and advection–diffusion transport to perform geometry‐coupled numerical simulations in order to study the evolution of chemical reactions, species concentration, and fracture morphology. Results are summarized as a function of two dimensionless parameters: the Damköhler number Da which is the ratio between advection and reaction times, and the transverse Peclet number Pe defined as the ratio between the time for diffusion across the fracture and the time for advection along the fracture. Reactant species are readily consumed near the inlet in a carbonate reservoir when the flow velocity is low (low transverse Peclet number and Da > 10^?1). At high flow velocities, diffusion fails to homogenize the concentration field across the fracture (high transverse Peclet number Pe > 10^?1). When the reaction rate is low as in anorthite reservoirs (Da < 10^?1), reactant species are more readily transported toward the outlet. At a given Peclet number, a lower Damköhler number causes the flow channel to experience a more uniform aperture enlargement along the length of the fracture. When the length‐to‐aperture ratio is sufficiently large, say l/d > 30, the system response resembles the solution for 1D reactive fluid transport. A decreased length‐to‐aperture ratio slows the diffusive transport of reactant species to the mineral fracture surface, and analyses of fracture networks must take into consideration both the length and slenderness of individual fractures in addition to Pe and Da numbers.