Palaeo‐formation water evolution in the Latrobe aquifer,Gippsland Basin,south‐eastern Australia continental shelf

Offshore fresh or brackish groundwater has been observed around the globe and represents an interesting but unusual freshwater reserve. Formation waters in sedimentary basins evolve at geological time through fluid–rock interactions and water movements in aquifers. However, the mechanism and timing of freshwater displacing and mixing with pre‐existing formation water offshore under the seafloor has not been investigated in many cases. The growing need for developing freshwater resources in deeper parts of sedimentary basins that have not been economic or technically feasible in the past, may potentially lead to an increasing conflict with petroleum production or injection of carbon dioxide. For being able to assess and mitigate possible impacts of fluid production or injection on groundwater flow and quality, a better understanding of the natural history of the interaction between fresh meteoric water and deep basin formation water is necessary. A low‐salinity wedge of meteoric origin with less than 5000 ppm currently extends to about 20 km offshore in the confined Latrobe aquifer in the Gippsland Basin (Australia). The Latrobe aquifer is a freshwater resource in the onshore, hosts major petroleum reservoirs and has been considered for carbon dioxide storage in the offshore parts of the basin. The objective of this study is to constrain the evolution of formation water in the Latrobe aquifer by investigating the water naturally trapped in fluid inclusions during burial. The measured palaeo‐salinities from onshore and offshore rock samples have a minimum of about 12 500 ppm (NaCl equivalent) and a maximum of about 50 000 ppm. Most of the salinities are in the 32 000–35 000 ppm range. There is no evidence for freshwater in fluid inclusions and the variation in palaeo‐salinity across the basin is consistent with the palaeogeography of deposition of the sedimentary rocks. The current low‐salinity water wedge must have started to form recently after most of the diagenetic processes that led to the trapping of water in fluid inclusions happened. The minimum homogenisation temperatures (T_h) recorded are consistent with current formation temperature. However, they are generally higher than present day suggesting that hotter temperatures were attained in the past. The T_h and salinity data together suggest that the fluid inclusions record the diagenetic modification of connate water to higher salinities over a time period that was accompanied by an increase in temperature, consistent with a westward palaeo‐fluid flow from the deeper part of the basin through the aquifer. Subsequent pore‐water evolution from palaeo‐ to current day conditions is consistent with an influx of fresher and cooler meteoric water into the Latrobe Group. The meteoric recharge originates from the area of the Baragwanath anticline in the onshore part of the basin where the Latrobe Group subcrops at high elevations.     

万历援朝战争期间东北亚地区地理知识的获取、 传递与呈现: 以《华夷沿海图》为中心的考察

万历援朝战争(1592—1598)是16世纪末在东亚影响深远的重要历史事件,与之相关的《华夷沿海图》的编纂,在地图学研究中的学术意义亦值得探讨。通过综合分析中朝文献,重点发掘朝鲜王朝实录和地理书籍等资料,可以发现: 《华夷沿海图》及相关地理论述对中国北部与朝鲜沿海形势详加说明,是当时两国间地理知识交流大为增强的证明。明朝东征经略宋应昌主持创作该图时,除了既往知识和经验积累外,还融汇了自己在朝鲜的见闻,对特定地理信息的选择与处理也有的放矢。因此,《华夷沿海图》有很强的时效性和准确性。他对特定地理信息的选择与处理背后有着深刻的内涵。即使看似微小的信息的呈现与解读也能成为表达政治立场、阐明军事思想的有效工具,并能反映出战时明朝经略渤海、黄海思想之转变。     

The Mineralogical Characteristics of the Lamboglia 2 Roman‐Age Amphorae from the Central Adriatic (Croatia)*

The mineralogical characteristics of four Lamboglia 2 Roman‐age amphorae excavated from ancient underwater shipwreck localities in the central Adriatic were investigated. X‐ray diffraction and optical microscopy analyses showed that the amphorae have similar primary mineral compositions, mainly consisting of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, diopside, illite and calcite, most probably originating from clayey Eocene flysch deposits used as raw materials in manufacture. The difference in mineral composition between these samples is recognized from the presence or absence of melilite, high‐magnesium calcite, aragonite, gypsum and analcime. It was shown that melilite is a secondary mineral formed during the firing process, while the others, which build up through incrustation of marine benthonic communities on the amphora walls and fill the cracks in the amphora bodies, were formed by crystallization in seawater. The firing of the original pieces of amphorae showed that melilite could be formed at temperatures higher than 800°C, most probably through interaction between calcite and silicate minerals present in the raw materials. The presence of melilite, and the absence of illite and calcite, were used to estimate the firing temperature of the amphorae during their production.     

河南登封市法王寺二号塔地宫发掘简报

2000年3月至5月,经国家文物局批准,河南省文物考古研究所对登封法王寺二号塔地宫进行了抢救性考古发掘。该地宫由踏道、宫门、甬道和宫室四部分组成,室内北部的砖砌长方形台基上有一泥质趺坐高僧真身像,出土有白釉盒、白釉细颈瓶、黑陶钵、鎏全镂空铜炉、铜净瓶及迦陵频伽盒等20余件珍贵文物。该地宫的发掘,为唐代佛教考古的研究提供了新的内容。     

Re-engaging with rationality in economic geography: behavioural approaches and the importance of context in decision-making

Behavioural approaches have become mainstream in economics,supported by the research of cognitive scientists and psychologists,yet their findings have attracted little attention from geographers.This article argues for a renewed behavioural economic geographythat builds on research in behavioural economics but also addressesone of its main shortcomings: a lack of engagement with thesocial context of decision-making. I outline a research agendathat bridges the gap between the disciplines in the area ofpension decision-making, using the example of choice in UK occupationalplans to argue for a mixed methodological approach to meet thechallenge of taking context seriously.     

包山二号墓陶罐试析

本主要探讨了湖北荆门包山二号楚墓出土的12件陶罐在其墓主人时代存在的三种不同的原有名称及其各自不同的原有功用。原名“（石缶）”的陶罐是具有保鲜、保温、防碰撞、盛装成品或半成品食物、可供加热之用的稍大型贮存容器;原名“（土缶）”的陶罐是具有保鲜、保温、防碰撞、盛装即食食物、可供加热和携带之用的稍大型贮运容器;原名“”的陶罐是具有掩蔽、保鲜、保温、防碰撞、盛装成品食物之用的稍小型贮存容器。     

楚“神树”研究

楚“神树”在楚墓中屡出不鲜。本以湖北荆州天星观二号墓出土的一棵髹漆的自然树-神树为例,并结合考古发现的神树标本、献记载的神树神话,对楚神树的形态、神树崇拜的起源进行了较全面细致的研究。同时对天星观二号墓髹漆神树的性质与功能等进行了探讨。     

Vietnamese (15th Century) Blue‐And‐White,Tam Thai and Lustre Porcelains/Stonewares: Glaze Composition and Decoration Techniques*

EDS, X‐ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, thermal expansion–shrinkage measurement and scanning electron microscopy were applied to determine the elemental components, structural phases and glazing temperatures of the transparent glazes, blue underglaze and overglaze tam thai (including gold‐like lustre) decorations from the 15th‐century Vietnamese porcelains/stonewares found at the Chu Ðâu–My Xa kiln site and in the Cù Lao Chàm (Hôi An) cargo. The ancient technology for colouring the glazes is discussed. The various blue tones in the underglazed décor result from cobalt‐containing manganese ore, with the intentional addition of iron oxide. The overglaze copper‐green and the gold‐like lustre were obtained by dispersing copper in lead‐based glass. The red colour was made using hematite dispersed in lead‐rich flux.