The Nordic Shrimp Industry: state entrepreneurship,intellectual and industrial structures,c. 1895–1950

This paper focuses on the emergence in the 20th century of a fishing industry based on northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. Development in these countries exhibited noteworthy common features that are examined and compared in this paper, which emphasizes the intellectual, political and industrial conditions that facilitated the expansion of the fishing fleets and processing industries. The diffusion of knowledge and technology was a necessary condition for the industry's establishment, both at a national and an inter-Nordic level. Central to these transfers of knowledge was the interaction between scientists and fisheries experts and fishermen and industrialists.     

A TEXTILE WEB

The 1830s has been singled out as the decade in which the Swedish consumer market really started to expand. In the same period, cotton textile production expanded in the Gothenburg area. A small group of immigrant Jewish families played an important role in this development. The impact of Jewish merchants on the growth of the consumer goods market is consistent with international research. Their entrepreneurial activities and renewal of textile production and trade have been emphasized. This has, however, not been paid much attention to in the Swedish research. This article discusses what impact the Jewish immigrants had on the increase of the textile market in Gothenburg and its surroundings. Through a couple of case studies and examples, we want to elucidate the significance of Jewish textile production and trade: Jewish calico printers started up mass production of fashionable fabrics in the 1820s. Furthermore, Jewish merchants spread their goods to customers in the countryside in cooperation with Swedish pedlars. The authors also discuss different reasons why the Jews played such a significant role during this particular period: The role of the legislation, the Jewish textile tradition, access to capital, networks, effective distribution, a growing consumer demand, and the geographical context.     

One of His Majesty's ‘Beste Kraffwells’: the wreck of an early carvel‐built ship at Franska Sternarna,Sweden

We report recent fieldwork on an early‐16th‐century wreck in the Stockholm archipelago, Sweden. The discovery not only provides new insights into early carvel shipbuilding and its adoption across northern Europe but manifests the changing role of ships and the nature of power and agency in the process of state formation at the dawn of the modern world. © 2012 The Authors     

Wrap a Wreck! In Situ Conservation of a Ship on Land Suffering from Fungal Decay

Many sixteenth- to eighteenth-century shipwrecks have been found after land reclamation in parts of the former Zuiderzee, one of the busiest waterways in Dutch history. After the land fell dry, some shipwrecks were excavated, destroyed, reburied, or covered with sand or clay. In the late 1970s a method was developed to mitigate degradation processes of some of the wrecks remaining in good condition by wrapping them in plastic foil. The idea was that the plastic would prevent evaporation and lateral subsurface flow. Wet conditions prevent decomposing of wood by especially soft rot fungi. Oxygen will be rapidly depleted by decomposition of organic matter.

Recent monitoring of wrapped shipwrecks has shown that this method of preventing rot worked exceptionally well. We adapted wrapping using new technology nowadays applied for sealing tunnels and landfills. We will present the implementation requirements, materials and new adapted method for wrapping shipwrecks.     

江陵天星观一号楚墓出土饱水木漆器F455中细菌对硬松木的腐蚀研究

研究木质文物中的细菌对木材腐蚀性影响,筛选防腐剂抑制腐蚀性强细菌的腐蚀作用,是延长木质文物保存期的一种有效的生物保护措施。为研究饱水木漆器F455及其水环境中细菌的种类,以及对木材的腐蚀程度,采用16S rRNA基因序列分析方法及生理生化试验,对饱水木漆器F455及水环境中细菌进行鉴定,并选取典型菌按5×10~8个/瓶菌量接种马尾松心材(悬于无菌自来水中),37℃培养120d,测试木材的损失率。结果发现,从F455文物挑选的32株细菌中,有29株菌鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),为优势菌属,其余为短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)和产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)各1株。水样样品中细菌菌属较F455文物样品中丰富,27株菌有9个属,其中短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)有9株,为优势菌属,其余交替赤细菌属(Altererythrobacter)有5株,短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)有4株,产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)有3株,黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)有2株,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、白色杆菌属(Leucobacter)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)各1株。从2种样品材料的分离菌中共挑选出14株典型菌进行木块腐蚀试验,与对照组比较,其中有9株菌差异极显著。说明这些菌对马尾松木材有一定的腐蚀作用,但是腐蚀率非常低,最高仅1.56%。表明这些细菌对试验木材马尾松腐蚀并不严重。该研究分析了饱水木漆器长期保存在水槽中细菌对木漆器的影响,丰富了饱水木漆器文物生物影响的理论依据。     

“小白礁Ⅰ号”沉船部分木质文物微生物病害观察与损伤评估

为掌握宁波"小白礁Ⅰ号"古沉船船体结构的状况,以及为该沉船的后续保护提供科学依据,本研究利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术,在显微和亚显微水平上观察了该沉船部分木质文物的组织和细胞结构。观察分析发现,对该沉船木质文物有较大影响的微生物主要是侵蚀细菌(Erosion bacteria,EB)和钻管细菌(Tunneling bacteria,TB);借助文献提供的标准,评估了该沉船不同部位木质文物的结构现状及不同备检样品中的细菌的侵蚀程度。评价结果表明沉船木质文物的侵蚀情况从轻度到完全损坏程度不同。本研究也分析了导致木质文物损伤程度差异的原因,并根据分析结果就该沉船木质文物保护涉及的生物学问题提出了建议。     

Evidence for Indo-Roman Trade from Bet Dwarka Waters, West Coast of India

India had a very active maritime trade contact with the Roman world between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD. In this context recent finds of stone anchors, potsherds, lead anchors and a lead ingot from 5 to 8 m water-depth near Bet Dwarka jetty is significant. The sherds include amphoras, jars, bowls and lids. Archaeological finds along the Indian coast and comparison between amphoras from Bet Dwarka and the Mediterranean suggest that the artefacts from Bet Dwarka may be datable to between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. The numbers of stone anchors suggests that this was an ancient anchorage.
© 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

Cultural Site Formation Processes in Maritime Archaeology: Disaster Response, Salvage and Muckelroy 30 Years on

Thirty years after Muckelroy's seminal 1976 paper on shipwreck site formation, research on the cultural processes which contribute to the creation and modification of shipwrecks remains limited. It is proposed that by adopting a process-oriented framework, we can integrate and synthesize the documentary, oral and archaeological evidence of human response to shipwreck into a structure which parallels the physical progress of the disaster. Possible cultural responses to shipwreck are considered, from pre-voyage planning through to post-impact salvage, including physical correlations potentially visible in the archaeological record.
© 2006 The Author     

New insights regarding the Akko 1 shipwreck: a metallurgic and petrographic investigation of the cannonballs

The Akko 1 shipwreck constitutes the remains of a small Mediterranean naval vessel, discovered in Akko harbour, Israel, and excavated over three seasons between 2006 and 2008. Among the finds at the shipwreck site were eleven cannonballs. Two of them, a 9-pdr and a 24-pdr, were retrieved and studied using metallurgical and petrographic methods. The examination of the cast-iron was performed with optical microscopy, SEM–EDS, XRF and microhardness tests. The remains of the casting sand from within the voids in both cannonballs were studied by petrography. Combined with the archaeological evidence and the historical background, the metallurgical and petrographic testing may suggest that Akko 1 was a warship or an auxiliary naval vessel of similar size to, or slightly smaller than, sixth rate, and was in Akko harbour circa 1840.     

A Shipwreck near Kinlochbervie, Sutherland, Scotland, UK

Investigations off Kinlochbervie, conducted between 1997 and 2003, have recorded a shipwreck site and recovered the largest collection of Italian Renaissance pottery ever discovered from an archaeological context in Scotland. This paper details work carried out and discusses the possible dating and nationality of the ship in the context of maritime contacts within western Europe at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries.
© 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society