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龙登高 《Frontiers of History in China》2009,4(2):183-220
There were three kinds of financial transactions involving rights of land during the Qing Dynasty: debt financing through
rights of land, the direct transferring of the rights of land, and the transaction of shares. This article attempts to clarify
the confusion between several types of debt financing through rights of land. Ya 押 was loan through land as guaranty and repaying the interest and capital by the rent of land or harvest. Dian 典 was loan through temporary transferring of usage rights and harvest in a certain period of time. Dang 当 referred to various types of loans which involved the rights of land. Di 抵 meant using a certain portion of land right as repayment of debt. Similar with modern financial methods, these financial
transactions in the Qing Dynasty allowed peasants to preserve their possessive rights over the land and also satisfied their
financial needs. The direct transactions of rights of land and repayment of debt by harvest included juemai 绝卖 (finalized sale of land), huomai 活卖 (not finalized sale of land), dianquan dingtui 佃权顶退 (sell or purchase tenancy), zhaojia 找价 (price add-on after transaction), and huishu 回赎 (redemption). The main purpose of these transactions was to protect the land proprietors as far as possible. Share transaction
and co-tenancy of land also appeared in the Qing Dynasty. Such diverse financial transactions not only were substitutes of
modern financing tools which allowed peasants to weather financial hardship, but also promoted the changing ownership of land
which further encouraged the combination of different production elements and reallocation of resources in the land market.
This paper is the research result of the National Philosophy and Social Science Fund Project “Market of land rights and the
evolution of its system, 1650–1950.” 相似文献
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“古诗”之数,不仅十九之限,余见《乐府诗集》所收“古辞”之中,相与援袭,而存在一个共同的模仿对象,即乐府民歌。《乐府诗集》中《西门行》、《艳歌行》、《长歌行》等,当与乐府民歌相去不远,其主题元素广泛影响文人“古诗”制作;《西门行》一首尤为十九首中多篇祖述,而十九首之《生年不满百》为其改写。即此改写的言辞整练、构篇变化与音乐脱离,显见乐府歌辞向文人“古诗”的过渡,体现了后者的共同特点。究之“古诗”之作,并非“作者”的个体“创作”,而是展转相袭的共鸣抒写。 相似文献
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二十世纪初叶民国五年至民国十五年前后 ,四川各地曾流行过种类繁多 ,发行广泛 ,用于市场交易的代用币。当时人称为“钱牌” ,儿童叫它“钱牌子”。钱牌的出现 ,至今已近百年。尽管像昙花一现 ,很快消逝得无踪无影。可是在当时各地市场缺乏小面值钱币情况下 ,它曾鼎盛一时 ,代替了钱币 ,起了兑换和找补作用。钱牌的产生与衰落辛亥革命成功后 ,民国元年成立四川军政府。四川成都造币厂奉令铸造民国铜元供市面流通 ,起名“军政府造四川铜币”。当时以“文”为基本钱币单位 ,造币厂在民国元年和二年 ,铸造有一十文、二十文、五十文、一百文和二… 相似文献
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甲骨文中有关于彗星的记载,目前似乎已成共识。本文对一片甲骨文刻辞进行重新释义,发现其中记载了一颗彗星出现的事实。进而确定了该彗星出现的年代及其在我国古籍中所留下的轨迹。 相似文献
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