How Was Edmond Halley’s Map of Magnetic Declination (1701) Constructed?

Edmond Halley made two scientific voyages in the Atlantic Ocean as captain of the HMS Paramore between 1698 and 1700. Following these voyages he published the first map showing lines of equal magnetic declination in 1701. Halley did not reveal how he constructed the map, however, and it remains unknown. In this study, a construction procedure is hypothesized that uses mathematical tools that were available in his day, namely arithmetical averages and Isaac Newton’s method of divided difference for fitting a polynomial curve to data. To enable his map construction, a method is suggested whereby Halley could have created new data to augment the situations where insufficient data were collected.     

中国古代劝学文发展简论

劝学,作为中华民族的古老传统和思想主张,不仅口耳相传,更铭刻在字里行间,那就是一脉相承的劝学类散文.春秋战国时期,学校教育的建立、士阶层的出现以及私学的产生奠定了劝学风气和思想的形成,体现于诸子散文并形成了初步繁盛的局面.秦汉以后直到唐宋,随着儒家思想统治地位的确立和散文的发展,劝学文也日趋成熟和繁荣.元代之后,理学思想和散文创作都从繁荣而走向衰微,劝学文的专门性和系统性有所减弱,文学性也更加淡化,最后随封建社会的终结而完成了自身的使命.     

A Sixteenth-Century Draft Plan of Lisbon’s Western Suburb

The National Library of Brazil has in its cartographic collection a little-known late sixteenth-century ichnographic plan of Lisbon, Portugal, showing the city’s western extramural suburb. In this article the unfinished draft plan is analysed for what it reveals of the mapmakers’ surveying methods. Comparison of the plan with other historical sources suggests that it was produced by Giovanni Vincenzo Casale and Alexandre Massai for military purposes between 1590 and 1597. This makes it the oldest ichnographic plan of Lisbon known to date, replacing the better known ichnographic plan of Lisbon signed by João Nunes Tinoco in 1650.     

Images of buried graves in Bayat,Afyon (Turkey) from high-resolution magnetic data and their comparison with preliminary excavations

Dedemezari necropolis, the site of our study, is located in the west of Turkey near Afyon. Archaeologists think that it belongs to the Middle Bronze age. A high-resolution magnetic survey identified buried material highly accurately. In particular, anomalies, which are transformed by the analytic signal method, clarify the observed magnetic anomalies. Magnetic surveying was applied in three different areas in this study. The map of analytic signal-transformed anomalies presented good results on preliminary excavation in trenches A and B. Two types of graves are found in the study area. One is made of clay and the second is carved in the rocks. Shapes of the buried graves are mainly cylindrical and elliptical. Most of the magnetic anomalies are elliptical and reflect the shape of the buried materials. Future excavations in Dedemezari necropolis will be able to be carried out more easily due to the known locations of the buried graves.     

转型时期中国海滨度假地衰退研究——以烟台牟平养马岛为例

海滨度假地衰退是国际旅游研究关注的热点之一,然而现有研究形成的两个理论范式——生命周期理论和转型理论都无法完满地解释中国海滨度假地衰退现象。本文以烟台牟平养马岛为案例,对其旅游开发历程进行梳理研究后发现,处于转型时期的中国传统海滨度假地往往遭遇制度性衰退和竞争性衰退的双重困境。中国海滨度假地的复兴必须首先摆脱行政经济的禁锢,走市场化改革的道路。