The Discovery of Motor Cortex and its Background

In 1870 Gustav Fritsch and Edvard Hitzig showed that electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex of a dog produced movements. This was a crucial event in the development of modern neuroscience because it was the first good experimental evidence for a) cerebral cortex involvement in motor function, b) the electrical excitability of the cortex, c) topographic representation in the brain, and d) localization of function in different regions of the cerebral cortex. This paper discusses their experiment and some developments in the previous two centuries that led to it including the ideas of Thomas Willis and Emanuel Swedenborg, the widespread interest in electricity and the localizations of function of Franz Joseph Gall, John Hughlings Jackson, and Paul Broca. We also consider the subsequent study of the motor cortex by David Ferrier and others.     

Madagascar

EUROPE

Light and Shade in France. By Moma Clarke. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+236. London : John Murray, 1939. A Cheap Edition. Price 5s.

Historic Thorn Trees in the British Isles. By Vaughan Cornish, D.Sc. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 94. London : Country Life Ltd. Price 8s. 6d.

History under Fire. By J. Pope‐Hennessy. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+117. London : Batsford Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

Front to Back. By Hector MacQuarrie. With an Introduction by Nora Waln. Demy 8vo. Pp. 286. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d. net.

The West Highlands and the Hebrides. By Alfred Harker. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxiii+127. London: Cambridge University Press, 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

The Church and Parish of Liff. By A. B. Dalgetty. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.93. Dundee: Harley and Cox, 1941. Price 6s.

The Verge of Western Lakeland. By William T. Palmer. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.252. London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Norway the Northern Playground. By W. C. Slingsby. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 227. London : Blackwells, 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Polish Panorama. By Lewitt‐Him. Illustrated. Pp. 143. London: Kolin (Publishers) Ltd., and Faber and Faber Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

Iceland, Past and Present. By Björn Thórdarson. Crown 4to. Pp. 47. London : Oxford University Press, 1941. Price 1s. net.

Captured. By Bessie Myers. Demy 8vo. Pp. 256. London : Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

Tales of the Tatras. By Kazimierz Przerwa‐Tetjamer. Crown 8vo. Pp. 189. London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

The Land of the Rainbow. By Violet Mason. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.322. London : Minerva Publishing Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Europe's Trade. Economic Intelligence Service. Pp. 116. Geneva: League of Nations, 1941.

Ferox and Char in the Lochs of Scotland : An Inquiry. By R. P. Hardie. Demy 8vo. Pp. xviii+226. Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

The Fall of the Tear. By H. J. Massingham. Demy 8vo. Pp.220. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1941. Price 6s.

Escape from France. By “Claire.” Demy 8vo. Pp. 117. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

The Ukraine: A History. By W. E. D. Allen. With Maps. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvi+404. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1941. Price 21s.

Yorkshire : East Riding with York. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+266. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Yorkshire: West Riding. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. x+443. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 10s. 6d.

Yorkshire: North Riding. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+275. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

AFRICA

South Africa Fights. By J. M. Simpson. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xv+256. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

Congo Doctor. By W. E. Davis. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. vii+286. London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

From Hobo to Cannibal King. By C. J. Thornhill. Demy 8vo. Pp.319. London : Stanley Paul Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

In Morocco with the Legion. By G. Ward Price. Demy 8vo. Pp.288. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

Focus on Africa. By R. U. Light. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+228. New York : American Geographical Society, 1941.

African Intrigue. By A. Bateson. Demy 8vo. Pp. 288. London: Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

Beyond the Smoke that Thunders. By L. P. Cullen. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.341. London: Oxford University Press, 1941. Price 15s.

AMERICA

Canada. By Lady Tweedsmuir. Medium 8vo. Illustrated. Pp. 48. London : Collins Ltd., 1941. Price 3s. 6d.

Voodoo Fire in Hayti. By R. A. Loederer. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 283. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 6d.

Kabloona. By Gontran de Poncins. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 320. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

They Get Their Man. By P. H. Godsell. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 287. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Bushmaster. By Nicol Smith. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 320. London : Gollancz Ltd., 1941. Price 16s.

ASIA

North of Singapore. By Carveth Wells. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 267. London : Jarrolds Ltd., 1941. Price 19s.

The Tower of Five Glories. By C. P. Fitzgerald. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.280. London: Cresset Press, 1941. Price 16s.

Mongol Journeys By Owen Lattimore. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 284. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Green Prison. By Leigh Williams. Demy 8vo. Pp. 252. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Dawn Watch in China. By Joy Homer. Demy 8vo. Pp.288. London : Collins Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

GENERAL

Air Navigation. By F. G. Brown, B.A., B.Sc. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.374. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1941. Price 33s.

Outposts of War. By Gordon Young. Cr. 8vo. Pp. 252. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 5s.

Adventure is My Business. By F. W. De Valda. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.251. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Quest. By George Dibbern. Demy 8vo. Pp. 421. London : The Bodley Head Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

The Mountain Vision. By Frank Smythe. Illustrated. Pp. 308. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 18s.

The Bases of a World Commonwealth. By C. B. Fawcett. Demy 8vo. Pp. xi+167. London : Watts and Co., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Wales : A Study in Geography and History. By E. G. Bown. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvi+182. Cardiff: Univ. of Wales Press Board. Price 3s. 6d.

France. By John Finnemore. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. vi+90. London : A. and C. Black Ltd., 1941. Price 1s. 6d.     

Dialectics in the forest

Janet Siskind. To Hunt in the Morning. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. 214 pp. Figures, tables, appendix, and index. $6.95.     

Cultural development: a new policy paradigm in the cultural policies of the 1970s in Québec

The common expression of ‘cultural development’ appears in many cultural policy statements without it necessarily arousing questions about its precise meaning. Indeed, we usually spontaneously associate ‘cultural development’ to any governmental intervention that aims at stimulating cultural vitality. However, if we look more closely at the origin of this concept, we soon discover that its appearance on the eve of May 68, in France, corresponds to the rise of new concerns in cultural policy matters and to a radical redefinition of the state’s role in this domain. Still enjoying a strong influence, France’s political transformations were closely followed by some Quebecois politicians and socially engaged intellectuals who were participating, at that time, in the formulation of a new political vision in cultural matters in Québec in the 1960s and 1970s. The objective of this paper is thus to retrace the origin of the idea of cultural development and follow its evolution in Québec.     

ACADEMICIAN N. I. VAVILOV AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY OF THE USSR

Academician N. I. Vavilov (1887-1943) served as president of the Geographical Society of the USSR from 1931 to 1940. A distinguished plant breeder, geneticist, explorer for wild ancestors of cultivated plants, and geographer, he traveled widely and reported regularly to the Society on his explorations and discoveries. Together with Yu. N. Shokal'skiy, then the honorary president, he brought many new initiatives to the activities of the Society. They arranged for the transfer of the Society from the People's Comissariat of Education of the RSFSR to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The First All-Union Congress of Geographers of the USSR was held in 1933, participation in international congresses was arranged, international co-operation was sponsored, membership was increased sharply, sections and commissions were established or revived, a series of public lectures was organized, a lecture hall was opened, and the scientific archives were enriched. Vavilov was especially interested in the work of the Section on History of Geographical Knowledge and participated actively in special issues of Izvestiya of the Society and in commemorative meetings at the Society devoted to individual geographers who had made particularly significant contributions to geographical knowledge (translated by Chauncy D. Harris, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-1583).