吐谷浑王都伏俟城选址议——兼谈游牧民族建都选址的观念

吐谷浑政权后期以青海湖西南岸的伏俟城为王都,与当时的政治、经济、军事形势的变化有一定关系,通过对自然地理、地缘政治、交通路线、区域经济、军事地理等几个建都选址的要素分析后发现,各项历史地理因素在吐谷浑设置王城的过程中所起的作用与农耕民族建都选址所遵行的原则多有不同,很大程度上是取了城的形式,实质上仍以游牧民族的自身社会生活特征为主导,反映出游牧民族建都选址的规律与特征。     

Comparison of celadon from the Yaozhou and Xicun kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty of China by X-ray fluorescence and microscopy

The Xicun kiln is a typical kiln for firing porcelains for export, including celadon, which imitates the products of the Yaozhou kilns. In this paper, 10 pieces of celadon from the Xicun kiln and 8 celadon samples from the Yaozhou kiln were analysed in situ non-destructively by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence microprobe and optical microscopy. The results indicated that the body of the Xicun celadon contained less TFe₂O₃, Cr, Sr and Zr, and more K₂O and Rb than that of the Yaozhou celadon. Also, the glaze of the Xicun celadon contained lower quantities of Sr and higher Rb; thus, these elements could be employed as relevant markers for the non-destructive discrimination of the provenance of Xicun celadon. In addition, the thicker glaze, the numerous bubbles, and the existence of the middle layer could be used as auxiliary indicators for a micro-structural distinction between samples from the Yaozhou kiln and those originating from Xicun.     

关于南宝力皋吐墓地文化性质的几点思考

南宝力皋吐墓地既含有与小河沿文化、偏堡子类型等周邻文化相对应的成份,又有来自北方尚不确定的一些文化因素,以及自身特点鲜明的陶器群。这种多元文化构成是南宝力皋吐墓地最显著的特征,其独特的文化面貌与已知的考古学文化不同,而是一种尚未被认识的新石器时代文化,拟定名为南宝力皋吐类型。     

做一名科研型的小学教师

随着基础教育改革的不断深入,要求教师以研究者的姿态出现在学校的舞台上。教师参与教育科研可以提高教师的素质,使教师在实践中锻炼,在改革中成长。     

Comparison of the Different Types of Qinghua Porcelain from Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty of China (ad 1271–1368) by Micro X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (μ‐XRF) and Microscopy

The Yuan Qinghua porcelain produced in the city of Jingdezhen, in China, mainly includes the gaudy blue type, a blue–grey or grey‐coloured type and the type featuring a blue colour with a slight amount of grey. For a long time, only the gaudy blue type was focused on and discussed, while the other two types, which contain equally important information with regard to recovering the manufacturing technology of Yuan Qinghua, were always ignored by scientific researchers. In this paper, by using micro X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ‐XRF), spectrophotometry and optical microscopy, all three different types of Yuan Qinghua porcelain are analysed systemically and, based on the analyses of the body, the glaze and the blue decoration, the differences in the materials and the manufacturing technologies of the three different types are discussed. This not only provides a good basis for the reconstruction of the whole picture of the manufacturing process of Yuan Qinghua porcelains in Jingdezhen, but also contributes to database‐building for the identification of Qinghua porcelain.     

幕末勤王思想对明治维新的影响——以水户学为中心

水户学是幕末的重要思潮之一,包括前期的水户史学和后期的水户政教学。幕府的衰颓和西方力量的出现在内外因上共同催生了勤王思想的勃兴。基于水户学的内外特征,本文分别从"皇"与"国"两个角度检讨了勤王思想对明治维新的得失影响,即"国"之意识的建立和"皇"之意识的延续。从而说明,明治维新一方面是在决意告别过去的政制,另一方面仍始终将尊皇思想置于国家设计的顶层,而这一导向也体现了日本近代化过程中民族性和近代性之间选择次第的问题。     

Cultural effects of authenticity: contested heritage practices in China

In this study, I analyse how the Chinese Government imposes the concept of authenticity on local heritage practices in the process of heritage nomination, conservation and management. Rather than discussing authenticity as an objective criterion, I approach authentication as a social process in the heritage discourse that impacts on local cultural practice. Through illustrating two cases in China, I propose three cultural effects of authentication on local heritage practices, namely spatial separation, emotional banishment and value shifting. Moreover, the heritage practices in China have created space for dynamic negotiations between local and global value systems. When the concept of authenticity is imposed on local heritage practices by heritage agencies, local communities are not passive recipients; rather, they consume, contest and negotiate the concept of authenticity in various ways.     

宗教学视角下的西水坡45号墓

河南濮阳西水坡45号墓,出土仰韶文化时期以蚌壳堆塑的龙、虎及北斗图案。其所表现当为星象,但是在墓中布置出星象的意义值得反思。由于墓葬的宗教功能在于实现对死者的"终极关怀",墓中的蚌塑星图之意义既是用来标明墓主死后的归宿,同时又希望得到龙神、虎神和北斗神的帮助,接引墓主之亡魂升天。墓中另外三具"人殉",实为祭祀龙神、虎神和北斗神的供品。     

A new Early Devonian lungfish from Guangxi,China, and its palaeogeographic significance

Qiao, T. & Zhu, M., 13.4.2015. A new Early Devonian lungfish from Guangxi, China, and its palaeogeographic significance. Alcheringa 39, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518

A new species of Cathlorhynchus (Dipnorhynchidae, Dipnoi) is described based on a mandible from the marine Yukiang Formation (early Emsian, Early Devonian) of Guangxi, southern China. It resembles the type species of Cathlorhynchus, C. trismodipterus, in that the anterior portion of the internal median septum terminates abruptly and does not contact dermal bones ventrally. The new Chinese form, together with Erikia jarviki from the Emsian of Yunnan, southern China, confirms the occurrence of the Dipnorhynchus lineage outside Australia. Coupled with the distribution of Westollrhynchus, Ichnomylax and Jessenia, we propose that the Dipnorhynchus lineage was dispersed widely during the early Emsian, corroborating the trans-Panthalassic distribution of early sarcopterygians.

Tuo Qiao [qiaotuo@ivpp.ac.cn] and Min Zhu [zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn], Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 643, Beijing 100044, PR China.     

Provenance research by INAA on ancient Chinese white porcelain excavated from the Maojiawan site of Beijing

More than one million shards of ancient Chinese porcelain were excavated at the Maojiawan pit in Beijing in September 2005. Among these shards, four types of ancient Chinese white porcelain were identified. The ages and provenances of three of these types of porcelain were accurately determined by archaeologists based on typology. However, different archaeologists interpreted the other/fourth type differently. According to the colour of the porcelain body, it was easily identified as the product of the Jingdezhen kilns of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD). However, based on the vessel shape, this fourth type of porcelain was also identified as the product of the Cizhou kilns of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 AD). In order to determine the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain, 131 shards comprising the four types of white porcelain identified at the site were selected as experimental specimens and analysed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). After the processing of experimental data by principal component analysis and geochemical analysis, the results show that the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain is the Jingdezhen, not the Cizhou kiln.