抗日战争时期苏联对华政策解读

中国抗日战争期间,随着国际形势的变化,苏联对华政策几经嬗变:初期对华军事援助是为了避免两线作战;中期对华关系由热而冷,是因为苏联遭德军突然袭击,必须全力自保;后期苏军出兵我国东北,另有图谋。然而苏军对日作战,避免了中国人民为取得最后胜利可能出现的更大牺牲。     

Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China

Recent zooarchaeological studies on water buffalo (Bubalus sp.) remains from China and south Asia question the traditional view that water buffalo were first domesticated in Neolithic China over 7000 years ago. The results from several recent population genetic studies of modern domesticated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are not consistent with each other, placing the original center of buffalo's domestication in south Asia, southeast Asia, or China. This paper reports a study using an ancient DNA approach to analyze water buffalo remains from Neolithic sites in north China to investigate their affinities with modern domesticated water buffalo, and to shed light on the origin of modern domesticated water buffalo in China.A 169 bp fragment of D-loop mitochondrial DNA was successfully amplified and verified for 13 of 24 bone samples obtained from seven archaeological sites along the Wei River valley in Shaanxi Province, China. The bone samples which yielded positive DNA can be dated to 8000–3600 cal. BP. The phylogenetic analysis of the obtained DNA sequences along with modern water buffalo sequences indicated that the ancient water buffalos were not the direct ancestor of modern domesticated water buffalo. However, the phylogenetic analysis, along with BLAST searches of these ancient DNA sequences, did demonstrate their relatedness to water buffalo more so than to any other bovid species, confirming the existence of indigenous wild (but now extinct) water buffalo species (B. mephistopheles) in ancient China.The DNA analysis of these ancient remains failed to establish direct links between modern domesticated water buffalo (B. bubalis) and indigenous water buffalo (B. mephistopheles) from ancient China. If further DNA studies of more ancient remains from other regions of China confirm the observation of solely indigenous water buffalo species in ancient China, it would suggest modern water buffalo might not have been first domesticated in China.     

四艺纹刻画彩釉陶盆与界首彩陶烧制技艺的历史渊源

界首彩陶烧制技艺于2006年5月成功入选首批国家级非物质文化遗产保护名录,随着保护和宣传力度的不断深入,对这一古老民间工艺在历史、艺术、工艺等方面价值的探索与研究,也应逐渐成为相关学术界的新课题。笔者作为一名基层文博工作者,有幸成为此项目申报的执笔人,通过此文将近年的研究偶得公之于众,希望能抛砖引玉,换来社会各界对界首彩陶烧制技艺更多的关注。     

文物保护原则之探讨

文物保护原则是指导文物保护具体实践的理论基础。本文对不改变文物原状之基本原则的内涵进行了深入探讨,并且论述了考古现场文物保护和选择文物保护材料的原则。     

新石器时代中国玉器的区域特征

新石器时代我国辽河流域、黄河流域与长江流域三个地区的玉器,在材质、造型和纹饰方面表现出强烈的区域性特征:辽河流域的玉器多采用岫岩玉为原料,长江流域的玉器则多用透闪石一阳起石制成,而黄河流域多见绿松石制成的器物;辽河流域的玉器纹饰简单风格朴实,长江流域的玉器器形和纹饰都很特别,黄河流域则多生产工具且光素无纹.此外,玉器反映了新石器时代中晚期辽河流域内渔猎经济和宗教在社会中居于主导地位,长江流域中下游地区则可能进入了王权、军权和神权一体化的方国阶段,而世俗权力的独大在黄河流域普遍存在.世俗权力在这一地区社会政治生活中占据了主导地位.     

Rejuvenation after encounters between different artistic forms: a synopsis of studies of indigenization of Christian art in China

Religion and art are symbiotic. The ecumenical propagation of Christianity inherently entails a mission of indigenization. Since it spread to China, Christianity has produced many renovated art forms which combined indigenization and local artistic expression on the one hand, with original religious notions and Western art on the other. This article reviews Chinese scholarship on the indigenization of Christianity in modern China and emphasizes that the renovated Chinese architecture, music, and fine art, after integrating with religious ideas and techniques, largely promoted the modern transformation and rejuvenation of traditional Chinese art.     

故宫藏清代松花石砚概述

一清宫皇帝御用的松花石砚1.清代康熙朝松花石嵌螺钿池砚（图1）。长18.5、宽12.6、高3.2厘米。砚为松花石制,长方形,呈绿色。砚面前端为砚池,池中嵌一螺钿。砚池四周凸雕流云海水山石,右侧雕一螭龙隐身于云海之中,取寿山福海之意。砚池下方为圆形砚堂。     

初中语文教学学生能力培养探索

新课程要求改变传统的教学方法,把课堂还给学生,让学生有更为广阔的学习空间和更多探究的时间。对此我们务必注重以下几个方面的改革：改传统知识传授为探究能力培养,改传统教师中心为学生主体,改单纯智能培养为德智体美劳全面发展;改平均教育为因材施教等。以期在新一轮课程改革的浪潮中探索一条更高效实用的语文教学之路。     

我国旅游电子商务的问题与对策研究

随着我国旅游的发展,旅游业和电子商务结合过程中出现了诸多问题,本文研究当前旅游业中电子商务的应用现状,分析其存在的主要问题,如旅游电子商务系统功能简单、公众对网络安全缺乏信心、以及电子商务人才匮乏等。并针对上述问题提出相关建议,以期提高我国旅游总体水平、提高我国旅游企业竞争实力。