杂项鉴定絮语（六）牙、角

民国以前的杂项并不为大的收藏家所重视,有些现在看来很有价值的品类比如铜镜、钱币、砚台等,在当时都属于小玩意儿,可以很廉价地买到。最受藏家重视的,也是档次最高的,就是老三代青铜器,尤其是鼎、彝、簋、岙之类的重器,更是标志一位收藏家收藏实力的重要指标。     

中国文物拍卖市场二十年（下）

三．文物艺术品拍卖市场在建设社会主义文化强国中做出的贡献 文物艺术品拍卖行业和国民经济的支柱产业相比,显然是一个规模不大的小行业,但文物艺术品拍卖企业是文化企业,它们经营的文物艺术品都是民族的血脉,从事的业务都属于建设人民的精神家园的神圣工作,所起的作用,特别是在建设社会主义文化强国方面起的作用,确实是巨大的,极其引人关注的,其贡献主要有六个方面：     

Polychromic structures and pigments in Guangyuan Thousand-Buddha Grotto of the Tang Dynasty (China)

This paper presents a multi-analytical study of the polychromy in the Guangyuan Thousand-Buddha Grotto. Samples taken from 15 locations in No. 512 and No. 689 caves are prepared as cross-sections for the analysis by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with backscattered electron imaging (SEM-BSE). The cross section analysis indicates that some paintings were repainted in the past. The chemical composition of each painting layer is obtained by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The main pigments for 15 samples including green, red, blue, white and black paint layers, are identified by the combination of polarized light microscopy (PLM), Fourier Transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy (RS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The integrated analytical results reveal that the green pigments are malachite and atacamite; the red color is attributed to minium, hematite and cinnabar; the blue pigments are lazurite and organic blue materials; the white color is ascribed to anglesite and gypsum; and the black surface of polychrome is the accumulation of longtime smudging by folk burning incense in the devotional practice or the soot deposition resulting from burning bonfires in the caves. Some arsenic-containing pigment is detected in the green samples. This case study also demonstrates the advantages and the limitations of every analytical technique for the pigment identification, confirming the necessity of the integrated analytical techniques approach. The present results are not only useful to assist in the authenticity of the used pigment materials and history of the polychromic in the past, but also aimed at guiding the conservation scientists in taking into account materials and methods utilized in the past.     

贵州可乐墓地出土铜器的技术研究

为研究古夜郎地区的青铜器铸造技术,本文对贵州可乐墓地2000年出土的33件铜器进行了金相观察和扫描电镜能谱分析,结果表明:战国早期至中期,铜锡合金的配比技术已经进入相对成熟阶段;战国晚期,可乐地区开始规范化、甚至批量化生产铜器;战国末期到西汉前期,铜锡铅合金的配比技术进入较成熟阶段;工匠先后掌握了锡青铜和铅锡青铜的制作性能,能够根据器物选择材质和加工方法;战国中晚期,可乐地区可能能够自行生产巴蜀、石寨山风格铜器,且与两地青铜技术水平相近。     

Female Workers,Political Mobilization,and the Meaning of Revolutionary Citizenship in Beijing, 1948-1950

After entering Beijing in January 1949, the Communist Party immediately sent cadres to local factories in order to mobilize female industrial workers into a women＇s movement and to establish the idea of ＂revolutionary citizenship.＂ The Party wished to nurture this idea in both the local political arena and in women＇s lives inside and outside the factories. This article demonstrates that a host of factors defined revolutionary citizenship, including party directives, choices in revolutionary strategy, cadres＇ interpretations of directives and their own initiatives, and workers＇ reactions to mobilization. It was in this complex mix of mobilization, women＇s strategies to protect and advance their own interests, and the politics of group representation in the revolution, that female workers came to understand the meaning and impact of revolutionary citizenship and the shape of labor-state relations in the emerging socialist China.     

杂项鉴定絮语（一）漫话竹雕

竹雕,又称“竹刻”,是一种以竹于为基本材料的雕刻艺术门类。竹雕作品的历史虽然悠久,但是由于在收藏保养方面存在着很大的制约,诸如对日比照射的要求、对空气温度、湿度的要求,都近乎于苛刻。因此,历史上的竹雕作品能流传至今的很少,尤其明代以前的作品,更为罕见。     

长安佛韵 盛唐气象 西安碑林藏唐代佛教石雕造像鉴赏

佛教自西汉末传入中国,对中国的文化、艺术产生了重要而深远的影响。长安地处古丝绸之路的地理起点,又在很长的一段历史时期内处于中国政治、经济、宗教和文化中心的位置,因此在这场外来文化艺术与中国传统文化的交流中,往往得东渐的佛教文化风气之先,而在多元文化因素的碰撞中兼容并蓄,形成了一种新的文化形态进而对四周产生了影响力颇为深远的多层辐射。     

The effect of the spatial distribution of state-owned enterprises on the location of private-owned enterprise births

The impact of the incumbent state-owned enterprises (SOEs) on the births of new private-owned enterprises (POEs) in China is a central concern for the government and society. In this paper, we apply agglomeration theories to distinguish the linkages between SOEs and POEs. Using China's 2008 economic census, the 2007 Input-Output Table, and the 2005 population census, we measure the formation of new POEs at the city-industry level, and the agglomeration forces of distance proximity to inputs, outputs, labor, and technology. More explicitly, we measure the extent to which local SOEs provide relevant inputs, consume outputs, employ similar workers, and use similar technology. Our findings indicate that overall, incumbent SOEs hinder the formation of new POEs. For manufacturing, the entry of new POEs is significantly lower in places where more upstream SOEs are concentrated. For services, the entry of new POEs is significantly lower in places where more upstream and downstream SOEs are concentrated. However, the agglomeration effects from the incumbent POEs are either insignificant or significantly positive.     

东吴长江防线兵要地理初探

东吴长江防线的形成,是三国政治形势、长江地理条件、东吴国力水平的综合产物。整个防线共划分为江陵防区、武昌防区和建业防区三部分。其中江陵防区约有部队5万人,建业防区约为13万。东吴经营防线的策略是守江而争淮汉。长江防线的存在,使东吴割据政权得以长期维持;东吴对长江防线的经营,促进了沿江城市的发展;长江防线的巩固,促成了东吴君臣的偏安心理。防线最后的崩溃,与其西端没有牢固的依托点密切关联。     

"厅壁记"的源流以及李华、元结的革新

当我们讨论唐代古文家的文体时候,往往把焦点集中在韩愈与柳宗元身上,许多学者从韩、柳古文中寻找文体革新上的发展轨辙.但是我们要注意的是,除了韩、柳之外,也有不少唐代古文家对文体革新起过极其重要的作用.