《李顿调查团报告书》公布前后中国社会各界的反响

1932年10月,国联公布了《李顿调查团报告书》,对九一八事变的责任作出最终裁决,也充分说明了对中日东北争端的基本态度。报告书公布前后,南京国民政府、国民党军政要员和外交官、学者及社会名流等纷纷发表意见,围绕报告书有关问题展开热烈的讨论。他们因个人的立场和社会角色不同,对报告书的认识和意见并不一致,但总的趋势则是开始丢弃对国联和各列强的幻想,逐渐认识到维护中国的独立、求得民族的生存和发展,必须充分依靠中华民族自身的力量。     

河北北朝墓志札记(七则)

文章根据河北一带近年出土的11方北朝墓志、砖刻,结合相关史料,对所涉及的志主身份、背景及北朝时期的历史、地理等作了一些考证和探索,同时对志文中的个别俗字、别字逐一考订。     

承德地区汉代长城与烽燧调查

承德自古是中原汉族与北方草原游牧民族交往的区域,为历代军事要塞,古长城遗迹丰富。本文报告了汉长城与烽燧在承德境内的分布、走向以及建筑特征,并做了一些初步考证。     

鲁菜文化的历史源流

一、鲁菜文化内涵的形成中国古代文化赖以产生和发展的土壤有三大区域,即黄河流域、长江流域和珠江流域。而中华民族群构时期的策源地则是黄河流域。先秦时期,仰韶文化、大汶口文化、龙山文化、齐家文化遗址以及夏商周的都城,都在黄河流域。其中黄帝部落的阪泉、涿鹿之战的胜利,使氏族部落最终融合成早期的中华民族群构,而奠定了汉民族的大一统的文化内涵。以后春秋五霸、战国七雄的纷争割据及诸子百家的探索争鸣,直到秦灭六国统一天下的这段时期,从文化发展来看,正是大一统的民族文化圈急剧膨胀的时代。     

数字方志的内涵、特征及其困惑

数字方志是数字化的产物,是指方志在资料的收集、整理、编辑、出版、发行全过程的数字化.本文对其概念进行了辨析,认为数字方志实体是虚拟化的,手段是数字化、网络化、多媒体化的,具有时效性强、周期短、交互性强、个性化色彩浓重、成本低等特点,但其发展仍面临着不少困惑,至少在今后相当长一段时间内,数字方志与有形方志融合、互补、共存的复合型方志,将是发展的趋势.     

Biotechnology and Food Safety in China: Consumers’ Acceptance or Resistance?

Although China is one of the world's largest producers and consumers of genetically modified (GM) crops and derived food products, little is known about the level of Chinese consumer awareness, understanding and acceptance of GM food. Initially, China pursued relatively aggressive policies for biotechnology development, but in recent years, the central government has become more sensitive to the potential environmental risks of transgenic food crops. To protect domestic biotech industries, the state plays a critical role in the politics of biotechnology, and does not allow GM food to become a prominent public issue. This contribution reports on a survey of 1,000 urban respondents. It demonstrates that most consumers lack the most basic understanding of biotechnology and its potential risks. The majority of the respondents (60 per cent) were either unwilling to consume GM food or were neutral about the idea, but when given neutrally‐worded information about potential GM food allergenicity, the willingness to buy dropped sharply. This might point to future scenarios of consumer resistance against GM food as has happened in European Union member states. This effect demonstrates the malleability of the Chinese consumer in a context of limited understanding and inadequate access to information.     

Agricultural reclamation policy and environmental changes in the northwest China during the Qing dynasty

Northwest China, including the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and a small part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, was not only one of the earliest developed areas in history, but also one of the most ecologically fragile belts. The traditionally sustainable land reclamation and cultivation policies for the development of an agricultural economy adopted and implemented in administrations during different periods of the Qing dynasty, greatly raised farming and stock production. However, this led to imbalances in the originally fragile ecological environment. The negative effects such as rapidly expanding desertification, worsening water and soil erosions, increased cost of production, enlarged investment, vicious cycles and failing economy can serve as a lesson for contemporary development. __________ Translated from: Qingshi Yanjiu 清史研究 (Studies in Qing History), No. 1, 2004     

晚清商办与官办的斗争

晚清时期,围绕着近代民用企业实行商办,还是实行官办,进行了3个回合的斗争。第一回合,轮船招商局屡被弹劾,京中言官要求对其统制,乃至收归官办,被李鸿章顶住。第二回合,围绕着湖北铁政局的经营形式,张之洞与盛宣怀展开争论,结果张之洞动用官款创建,企业实行官办;然而,企业官办后经济效益太差,几年后不得不招商承办。第三回合,“轮电之争”,袁世凯将官督商办企业收归官办或对之实行统制,盛宣怀经过多年努力,终于使各官督商办企业摆脱“官督”,完全商办。经过数十年商办与官办的斗争,以及商办的不断胜利,迎来了民国初年中国民族资本主义的“黄金时代”。     

对春秋时期吴国城址的初步认识

春秋时期的吴国出于政治、军事和经济等目的,兴建了众多的功能有别,形态各异的大小城池,文章通过实地调查并结合文献记载,对现有的吴国城址进行了描绘和讨论。     

简论抗战时期国民政府的高等教育政策

抗战爆发前,国民政府对于国家高等教育并无明确方针,只是沿用1929年公布的《大学组织法》、《大学规程》作为相应的指导性政策。到了三十年代中期,中国高等教育的基本框架已初步形成。国民政府的高等教育机构按办学规模分有大学、独立学院和专科学校三种,按办学单位又可分为公立(包括国立、省立)与私立两类。由于社会连年动荡、经济不