哈佛大学的中国人类学研究——一份旁听报告

本文以2007—2008学年哈佛大学社会文化人类学家华琛教授开设的课程、凯博文教授所做的学术报告为核心,结合相关论著,展示了哈佛在中国人类学研究领域进展的片段。核心内容是华琛的饮食文化与全球化研究,凯博文的医学人类学研究。缤纷多彩的研究项目和研讨活动、多样化的课程,催生了一代中国人类学研究的新生力量。     

20世纪非洲史学的复兴

非洲史学有着悠久的历史和传统,殖民入侵和殖民统治给非洲传统史学造成严重的冲击。20世纪中叶非洲国家独立后,非洲涌现出一批本土史学家,他们要求清除史学研究领域的殖民主义影响,建立了民族主义历史学派,如伊巴丹学派和达累斯萨拉姆学派等,出版了一批有影响的历史著作,标志着非洲史学的复兴。     

A New Proposed Passive Mega-Sub Controlled Structure and Response Control

It is still a serious challenge for structural engineers to effectively reduce the seismic responses of tall and super tall buildings to further improve these structural safeties. In order to solve this problem, in this article a new kind of structural configuration, named passive mega-sub controlled structure (PMSCS), is presented, which is constructed by applying the structural control principle into structural configuration itself, to form a new structure with obvious response self-control ability, instead of employing the conventional method. In the analysis of PMSCS the equations of motion of the seismically excited system are developed, based on a realistic analytical model of the complete mega-structural system. Expressions of the displacement and acceleration response of the structure, resulting from simulated earthquake ground motions represented by stationary and nonstationary random processes, are derived. These responses are then determined for both the PMSCS and its conventional mega-sub structure (MSS) counterpart, whose configuration was modeled after the traditional mega-frame that was used in the construction of the Tokyo City Hall. A parametric study of the structural characteristics that influence the response control effectiveness of the PMSCS is presented and discussed. The region over which these structural characteristics yield the optimum seismic response control of the PMSCS is identified and serves as a very useful design tool for practitioners. The study illustrates that the proposed PMSCS offers an effective means of controlling the seismic displacement and acceleration response of tall/super-tall mega-systems. It also overcomes shortcomings exhibited in earlier proposed mega-sub controlled structural configurations.     

想像他者：西方文化视野中的非西方

西方是在与非西方社会的比较中得到更为明确的界定的。在西方的文化视野中,对非西方固然有着某种程度的理性认知,但也不乏充满错觉的想像,即以一种与“自我”不同的“他者”形象不断建构非西方的历史身份,从而创造出一个与真实存在不尽相同的非西方。西方的非西方想像体现了西方对他者的控制与重构,是西方表达自我优越意识的一种霸权话语。文章考察了古典时代至18世纪西方表述他者的话语体系,分析了产生这种想像的文化和社会原因,由此说明西方是怎样逐步形成与非西方对立,并最终取得对后者的优势地位。     

从分子生物学角度看河北蔚县三关墓地古代居民的遗传结构

河北蔚县三关墓地作为一个文化类型从属于夏家店下层文化,利用线粒体DNA方法研究其遗传结构,发现蔚县三关墓地古代居民在母系遗传上与现代东亚人群的亲缘关系较近。在与古代居民的对比中可以看出,三关组与姜家梁、喇嘛洞古代居民聚为一支,而与拓跋鲜卑位于两个不同的分支上。从新石器时代晚期到青铜时代,在此地区母系遗传关系较近。夏家店下层文化壶流河类型的古代居民对于今天北方汉族的形成有一定的基因贡献。     

锶同位素分析技术在考古学中的应用研究

在考古化学这个新领域内,考古学家们经过努力,成功地将锶同位素分析技术运用于考古学领域,通过对遗址中人类骨骼的锶同位素分析来对古代人类的迁移情况进行研究。由于考古材料间存在着差别,各个实验室所采用的方法和实验步骤间也存在一些差异,因此还没有统一的分析方法和步骤,至今仍处于进一步的探索之中。在我国的考古学研究中,这项技术还处于起步阶段,迄今为止还未见到相关的研究成果。本文主要对这项技术在考古学上应用的原理及研究中注意事项进行了较为详细的论述,并且计划今后进行这方面的实验研究,希望能为国内同仁进行这方面的研究时提供些许借鉴。     

马克思主义政党先进性与阶级基础的互动脉络——基于对马克思主义经典作家党的先进性思想进行探究的视角

马克思主义政党的阶级基础是其具有先进性的总根源,对阶级基础不同程度的把握使党的先进性呈现出不同的特点。马克思、恩格斯从党的阶级基础的内涵上去论证党的先进性,列宁将这一思想具体化为从阶级构成成分上去论证党的先进性,毛泽东为加强党的先进性提出旨在“再造党的阶级基础”的建党理论。邓小平认为保持党的先进性的路径是扩大党的阶级基础,江泽民提出保持党的先进性必须巩固党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础。     

《艾登备忘录》与二战末期英国对藏政策

《艾登备忘录》是英国政府1943年制定的对藏政策。其内容延续了英国一贯主张的“宗主权”理论,并以“西藏自治”来要挟中国政府。古德使团依照此政策在拉萨鼓动西藏自治之后,英国外交部又决定反思其西藏政策,但遭到印度政府和印度事务部的反对。从总体来看,无论《艾登备忘录》的提出,还是英国对藏政策的波动,都是出于英国对华总政策的需要。     

An Approach to the Diagnosis of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia from the 2500‐Year‐Old Remains of a Skull from Ancient China

A human skull, buried about 2500 years ago in a Bronze Age cemetery at Jinggouzi, a site of an important ethnic group in ancient China, appeared to have characteristics of fibrous dysplasia. The CT images indicated a reduction in bone density and relatively homogeneous lesions. More features were revealed using CT reconstruction techniques. Lesions seen in low‐magnification images using a 3D deep‐field microscope had an irregular honeycomb‐like structure. At higher magnification, the trabeculae morphology and the gaps between the trabeculae were irregular and varied in size and shape. Paraffin‐embedded specimens stained with HE showed trabeculae with tortuous irregular arrangements varying in shape and width. The irregular trabeculae of woven bone has been described as having fibrous dysplasia. Molecular analysis of the GNAS gene indicated no mutation. This provides a non‐invasive approach for us to make more comprehensive diagnoses and to assist research into ancient human diseases.     

Investigating Human Migration and Horse‐Trading in Yelang (夜郎) Through Strontium Isotope Analysis of Skeletons from Zhougshui Sites,South‐West China (1300 bc – ad 25)

Yelang (夜郎), a mysterious state located in the south‐western area of early China and dating from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age (1300 bc – ad 25), is a cultural interactive junction between the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and the Yangtze River Basin. The Zhongshui Basin in Weining County, Guizhou Province, was one of the important distribution areas of the Yelang civilization. This area, which includes sites at Jigongshan (鸡公山; 1300 – 800 bc ), Hongyingpan (红营盘; 700 – 400 bc ) and Yinzitan (银子坛; 400 bc – ad 25), has provided a very integrated chronology, spanning from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age in the eastern Yunnan – western Guizhou area. To investigate human migration and horse‐trading at these Yelang sites, we conducted a strontium isotopic analysis on the teeth enamel of humans and horses unearthed from these three sites. The results indicated the following: (1) people at the earlier sites (Jigongshan and Hongyingpan) were all indigenous, whereas in the Yinzitan cemetery, there was a more immigrant population, and all the people who were buried in an upper limb flexed supine position were non‐local; and (2) most of the horses found at the Jigongshan and Yinzitan sites show different provenances, probably related to the famous Dian (滇) and Zuo (筰) horses recorded in historical documents, providing more clues for further study on horse‐trading in South‐West China during the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age.