Does Patronage Still Drive Politics for the Rural Poor in the Developing World? A Comparative Perspective from the Livestock Sector

Is the analysis of patron–client networks still important to the understanding of developing country politics or has it now been overtaken by a focus on ‘social capital’? Drawing on seventeen country studies of the political environment for livestock policy in poor countries, this article concludes that although the nature of patronage has changed significantly, it remains highly relevant to the ways peasant interests are treated. Peasant populations were found either to have no clear connection to their political leaders or to be controlled by political clientage. Furthermore, communities ‘free’ of patron–client ties to the centre generally are not better represented by political associations but instead receive fewer benefits from the state. Nonetheless, patterns of clientage are different from what they were forty years ago. First, patronage chains today often have a global reach, through trade, bilateral donor governments and international NGOs. Second, the resources that fuel political clientage today are less monopolistic and less adequate to the task of purchasing peasant political loyalty. Thus the bonds of patronage are less tight than they were historically. Third, it follows from the preceding point and the greater diversity of patrons operating today that elite conflicts are much more likely to create spaces in which peasant interests can eventually be aggregated into autonomous associations with independent political significance in the national polity. NGOs are playing an important role in opening up this political space although at the moment, they most often act like a new type of patron.     

Considerations of minimum numbers: a response to Horton

This paper discusses a recent evaluation of bone assemblage quantification methods based in large part upon a critique of our own published work. We aim to show that the critique reveals a misunderstanding of our proposals and of the aims of quantification techniques in this field.     

Book reviews

Stephen G. Hall and Fred Atkinson, Oil and the British Economy. London, Croom Helm, 1983–208 pp. $12.95.

Harvey B. Feigenbaum, The Politics of Public Enterprise: Oil and the French State. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1985. xvii + 194 pp. $US 33.00.

H.W. Arndt, A Course Through Life: Memoirs of an Australian Economist. Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University, 1985. ix + 177 pp. $10.00. Alan Rix (ed.), Intermittent Diplomat: The Japan and Batavia Diaries of W. MacMahon Ball. Carlton, Melbourne University Press, 1988. $37.50.

Benjamin Higgins, The Road Less Travelled. A Development Economist's Quest. Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University History of Development Studies 2, 1989. x + 204 pp. $20.00.

Francis Stuart, Towards Coming of Age. A Foreign Service Odyssey. Brisbane, Griffith University Centre for the Study of Australian‐Asian Relations. Australians in Asia series no. 2, 1989. vi + 264 pp. $12.00.

Edward L. Warner III and David A. Ochmanek, Next Moves: An Arms Control Agenda for the 1990's. Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1989. xi + 163 pp. $US10.95.

Malcolm Saunders and Ralph Summy, The Australian Peace Movement: A Short History. Canberra, Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1986. 78pp. $3.75.

Malcolm Saunders, A Bibliography of Books, Articles and Theses on the History of the Australian Peace Movement. Canberra, Peace Research Centre, Australian National University, 1987. 115pp. $10.00.

Robert O'Neill, Alliances and International Order. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1988. No price given.

Christine Jennett and Randal G. Steward (eds), Politics of the Future: The Role of Social Movements. Melbourne, Macmillan, 1989. xii + 471 pp. $69.95 (cloth), $34.95 (paper).

John Ravenhill (ed.), No Longer an American Lake? Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 1989. ix + 226 pp. $17.95.

Peter Dennis, Troubled Days of Peace. Mountbatten and South East Asia Command, 1945–46. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1987. xi + 270pp. £40.00 (cloth), £13.95 (paper).

Geoffrey M. White and Lamont Lindstrom (eds), Pacific Theater. Island Representations of World War II. Carlton, Melbourne University Press, 1990. xiv + 433 pp. $44.95.

Rodney Tiffen, News and Power. Sydney Allen and Unwin, 1989. $19.95.

Janet Hunt el al. One World or ... None: Making the Difference. Canberra, Australian Council for Overseas Aid, 1988. 58pp. $5.95.

Tran Tri Vu, lost Years: My 1,632 Days in Vietnamese Reeducation Camps. Berkeley, Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, 1988. xv + 381 pp. $US15.00.

Richard J. Kessler, Rebellion and Repression in the Philippines. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1989. xii + 227 pp. $US25.00.

Margaret Jolly and Martha MacIntyre (eds), Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989. xiii + 296pp. $49.50.

Frank G. Jarrett and Kym Anderson, Growth, Structural Change and Economic Policy in Papua New Guinea: Implications for Agriculture. Pacific Policy Paper No. 5. Canberra, National Centre for Development Studies, Australian National University. 1989. xx + 122pp. $20.00.

Trevor W. Parfitt and Stephen P. Riley, The African Debt Crisis. London, Routledge, 1989. vii + 228 pp.     

Book reviews

AUSTRALIAN DIPLOMAT. Alan Watt. Angus & Robertson in association with the Australian Institute of International Affairs, Sydney, 1972. 0207–12354–3. 329 pp. $8.50.

AUSTRALIAN AMBASSADOR. W. R. Crocker. Sun Books, Melbourne, 1971. 211 pp. $1.95 paper.

THE POLITICS OF DEPENDENCE: PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1968. A. L. Epstein, R. S. Parker, Marie Reay (eds.). Australian National University Press, 1971. 0–424–06270–4. 398 pp. $8.95.

AUSTRALIA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA. W. J. Hudson (ed.). Sydney University Press, 1971. 0–7081–0188–7. 198 pp. $6.50 hard cover, $4.00 paper.

AUSTRALIA IN THE NUCLEAR AGE: NATIONAL DEFENCE AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. Ian Bellany. Sydney University Press, 1972. 0424063107. 144 pp. $6.00.

THE CRISIS OF LOYALTY: A STUDY OF AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY. Bruce Grant. Angus & Robertson in association with the Australian Institute of International Affairs, Sydney, 1972. 0–207–12472, 0–207–12423‐X. 107 pp. $3.25 hard cover, $2.50 paper.

THE AUSTRALIAN YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 1968–1969. H. B. Connell (ed.). Butterworth (Australia), 1971. 409–3940–9. 244 pp. $12.50.

KENT HUGHES. A BIOGRAPHY. Frederick Howard. The Macmillan Company of Australia, Melbourne, 1972. 0–333–13909–7. 255 pp. $6.50.

THE MAKING OF THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION. J. A. La Nauze. Melbourne University Press, 1972. 05–2284016–7. xi, 369 pp.

RICHARD BOURKE. Hazel King. Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1971. 312 pp. $10.95.

INDIA, PAKISTAN AND THE GREAT POWERS. William J. Barnds. Pall Mall Press, London, 1972. 269–67199–4. 388 pp. £4.25 (stg).

THE INDIAN OCEAN: TOWARDS A PEACE ZONE. Devendra Kaushik. Vikas, Delhi, 1972. 7069–0173–8. 225 pp. 24 Rupees.

INDIA, RUSSIA, CHINA AND BANGLA DESH. J. A. Naik. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi, 1972. 163 pp. 20 Rupees.

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC IN THE 1970s: THE ROLES OF THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. Bruce Brown (ed.). Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1971. 0–7081–0087–2. 253 pp. $5.

THE ASIAN NEWSPAPERS’ RELUCTANT REVOLUTION. John A. Lent (ed.). Iowa State University Press, 1971. 08138–1335–3. 373 pp. $US12.50.

AN INTRODUCTION TO SOUTHEAST ASIAN POLITICS. J. R. E. Waddell John Wiley and Sons, Sydney, 1972. 0471–91301–4, 0471–91300–6. 305 pp. $6.50 hard cover, $4.50 paper.

THE INDONESIAN COMMUNIST PARTY AND LAND REFORM 1959–1965. Rex Mortimer. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, Number One, 1972. 78 pp. $1.50.

INDUSTRIAL CONFLICT IN MALAYA. PRELUDE TO THE COMMUNIST REVOLT OF 1948. Michael Stenson. Oxford University Press, London, 1970. 19–212957–0. 271 pp. $7.80.

NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION AND EVOLUTION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. Michael Leifer (ed.). Ag Zug, Switzerland, Inter Documentation Company, 1970. 175 pp. Swiss Fr. 28.50.

THE PEOPLE'S ACTION PARTY OF SINGAPORE: EMERGENCE OF A DOMINANT PARTY SYSTEM. Thomas J. Bellows. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, New Haven, 1970. Distributed by Cellar Book Shop, Detroit. 195 pp. $US5.75.

THE INNOVATORS. THE ROLE OF FOREIGN TRAINED PERSONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. Mary C. Hodgkin. Sydney University Press, Sydney, 1972. 0424–063808. 118 pp. $3.00 Paper.

JAPAN AND AUSTRALIA IN THE SEVENTIES. J. A. A. stockwin (ed.). Angus & Robertson in association with the Australian Institute of International Affairs, Sydney, 1972. 0–207–12395–0. 223 pp. $4.00 hard cover, $3.25 paper.

THE FEDERATION OF SOUTH AFRICA. Leo Marquard. Oxford University Press, 1971. 142 pp. £2 (stg.).

AMERICA THE DUTIFUL: AN ASSESSMENT OF U.S. FOREIGN POLICY. Philip W. Quigg. Simon & Schuster, New York, 1971. 223 pp. $6.95.     

Insights into immigration and social class at Machu Picchu,Peru based on oxygen,strontium, and lead isotopic analysis

The Inca Empire (AD 1438–1532) made common practice of relocating individuals, households and entire communities throughout their expansive realm for different reasons depending on subjects' assigned social class. Reconstructing patterns of immigration at Inca-period sites could therefore permit some estimation of the social class(es) among their constituents, and thereby provide insights into the functional dynamics of Inca political economy. However, this is a difficult endeavor using only archaeological lines of evidence. This study presents oxygen, strontium and lead isotopic results from the well-preserved, well-contextualized skeletal population (N = 74) from the Inca site of Machu Picchu, Peru. Isotopic data are used to reconstruct patterns of immigration at the site, which are in turn used to directly estimate the social class of the population. The resulting isotopic data are widely distributed with no apparent modality, matching the expected distribution of a particular class of nonelite retainers. A novel application of multivariate statistics coupled with geological and faunal isotopic reference data also permits tentative estimation of individuals' regions of origin. This study provides empirical and analytical frameworks for future research in reconstructing residential movement and class dynamics in the late prehistoric Andes.     

Approximating the Length of Vehicle Routing Problem Solutions Using Complementary Spatial Information

Accurately estimating the length of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) distances can inform transportation planning in a wide variety of delivery and service provision contexts. This study extends the work of previous research where multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the average distance of VRP solutions with various customer demands and capacity constraints. This research expands on that approach in two ways: first, the point patterns used in estimation have a wider range of customer clustering or dispersion values as measured by the Average Nearest Neighbor Index (ANNI) as opposed to just using a Poisson or random point process; second, the tour coefficient adjusted by this complementary spatial information is shown to exhibit statistically more accurate estimations. To generate a full range of ANNI values, point patterns were simulated using a Poisson process, a Matern clustering process, and a simple sequential inhibition process to obtain random, clustered, and dispersed point patterns, respectively. The coefficients of independent variables in the models were used to explain how the spatial distributions of customers influence the VRP distances. These results demonstrate that complementary spatial data can be used to improve operational results, a concept that could be applied more broadly.