在朝或居乡:元末明初师儒汪叡的出处选择

元明易代之际儒者的出处选择,不仅取决于个体的心性特质,更是当事人的身份背景和行事经历的反映.晚明史籍常将婺源汪叡视为明代开国时期重要的循良师儒,但却忽略了他对于洪武朝廷所秉持的疏离态度.元末动乱使汪叡有机会从默默无闻的乡儒崛起为绥靖地方的精英,但这一经历在明初却同样给他带来了无法避免的政治困境,以至于汪叡虽然曾短暂入仕,却始终难以充分建立对新朝的政治认同.     

徐甫陈生平考述——兼论"E考据"在家族史研究中的运用

徐甫陈(1865—1917),又名辅臣,字襄甫、襄辅,安徽怀宁人,是中国当代著名历史学家章开沅先生的外祖父.他一生先后在周馥、锡良、赵尔巽、赵尔丰、倪嗣冲等属下任职,历经河工、机器制造、钱粮转运、统兵、铸币、厘金等多项职务.1911年保路运动中,他率领所属的江安巡防营在泸州起义,与刘铭传之孙刘朝望建立川南军政府.通过家族口述与"E考据"、馆藏文献等多重手段结合考证,可以较为完整地还原徐甫陈的一生.家族记忆能够为文献考证提供人物生平、履历、官职等重要线索,而历史文献则可弥补家族记忆之不足,纠正家族记忆中的偏差.中国人重视家族观念,家族史也是大历史的折射."E考据"则为史学参与现实社会生活,提供了更为便捷的路径.     

高丽文献中的蒙、丽"兄弟之盟"——事实、认同与话语

在蒙古将征服高丽正式作为目标前,高丽人出于对"夷狄"的不认同,不承认"兄弟之盟"事实的存在,代之以"约和""和亲"的话语.在将征服高丽正式作为目标后,蒙古人亦不承认"兄弟之盟"的存在,而以"投拜"话语置换.正式臣服蒙古后,同盟史与高丽人在认同背景下建构的臣服史之间存在张力,他们又试图对之进行重构或覆盖.但在某些关键时刻,高丽人又会将同盟史的记忆唤起,发挥其特殊功用.     

西安城墙东门箭楼砖坯墙体风化因素研究报告

论述了西安城墙东门箭楼的文化背景,实地考察了风化外状,并对风化外状进行了分类测试。通过对砖坯墙体材料进行化学全分析、X－射线衍射分析、吸水率测定（含他和系数）、冻融实验、泛霜实验、环境污染与水文气象监测资料的分析,研究了东门箭楼砖坯墙体不同风化外状的风化因素,同时对现代修缮用砖的理化性能及质量进行了评估。结果表明,温度的交替变化、水的冻结与融化使得砖坯裂解成碎块;干湿引起可溶盐的结晶与潮解以及自然界中的雨水、地面水或地下水、污染气体等通过溶解、水化、水解、碳酸化、氧化等方式,使得砖坯墙体表面酥碱粉化。同时说明研究适用于古建筑修缮使用的抗风化仿古青砖是当务之急。     

Reducing Toxic Chemical Releases and Transfers: Explaining Outcomes for a Voluntary Program

Relatively little is known about the possibilities and limitations of voluntary public programs. The so-called 33/50 Program for reducing releases of certain toxic chemicals into the environment provides a useful instance for examination. In an investigation of toxics-reduction outcomes, with states as units of analysis, economic and policy variables help to explain the results. In particular, channels and approaches used In communicating policy intentions are related to outcomes. Voluntary programs can make a difference, but the details of execution, including the extent and nature of field efforts, influence outcomes.     

The Chemical Composition and Production Area of Early Western Zhou Proto‐Porcelain Unearthed from Yejiashan Cemetery,Suizhou, China

The bodies and glazes of 27 early Western Zhou proto‐porcelain samples from Yejiashan cemetery, Hubei Province, were analysed using LA‐ICP–AES, SEM, XRD, a thermal expansion instrument and other analytical methods. The results indicated that the bodies of all samples were characterized by high silicon and low aluminium, and were made with porcelain stone raw materials found in the south of China. The glazes are typical of high‐temperature calcium glazes of the CaO (MgO) – K₂O (Na₂O) – Al₂O₃ – SiO₂ series, with relatively high Mn and P content, which was probably caused by the addition of plant ashes. The physical properties and phase compositions of Yejiashan proto‐porcelain show that firing processes were still in the early stages of development in ancient China. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that Yejiashan proto‐porcelain might have come from the Deqing area, in Zhejiang Province. These results provide new archaeological evidence for research on issues related to material flow in the Western Zhou dynasty.     

An Approach to the Diagnosis of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia from the 2500‐Year‐Old Remains of a Skull from Ancient China

A human skull, buried about 2500 years ago in a Bronze Age cemetery at Jinggouzi, a site of an important ethnic group in ancient China, appeared to have characteristics of fibrous dysplasia. The CT images indicated a reduction in bone density and relatively homogeneous lesions. More features were revealed using CT reconstruction techniques. Lesions seen in low‐magnification images using a 3D deep‐field microscope had an irregular honeycomb‐like structure. At higher magnification, the trabeculae morphology and the gaps between the trabeculae were irregular and varied in size and shape. Paraffin‐embedded specimens stained with HE showed trabeculae with tortuous irregular arrangements varying in shape and width. The irregular trabeculae of woven bone has been described as having fibrous dysplasia. Molecular analysis of the GNAS gene indicated no mutation. This provides a non‐invasive approach for us to make more comprehensive diagnoses and to assist research into ancient human diseases.     

饱水木质文物的风冷干燥脱水研究

许多出土饱水木质文物因其降解严重、含水率较高,容易在脱水过程中出现不可逆的收缩变形以及开裂现象,从而遭到严重破坏。因此,饱水木质文物脱水方法的研究是文物保护工作中的重要课题。为探究风冷冷冻法对饱水木质文物脱水的效果,以一批无法复原的出土饱水木质文物为研究对象,在对其材种、含水率、基本密度及化学成分进行了测定和分析后,使用一台风冷电冰箱在-18℃条件下对样品进行了风冷干燥脱水处理,记录脱水时间和脱水效果,并分析了该方法的传质传热特点,证明了风冷干燥法用于饱水木质文物的脱水干燥能够取得良好效果,并且具有对文物干预小、适用性广、操作简便、成本低廉等优点,为饱水木质文物的脱水处理提供了一种新的思路。     

联共(布)中央委员会国际情报部述论(1943年6月—1945年12月)

共产国际解散后,苏联共产党创建了国际情报部,其主要职责是领导欧洲各国共产党从事反法西斯斗争,具体包括支援东欧各国的游击战、在各国战俘中开展工作、通过报纸和广播进行反法西斯宣传、在德占区进行情报搜集工作等等.此外,国际情报部还协助联共(布)中央领导各国共产党,在解决各国共产党重大问题中发挥信息沟通和决策咨询作用,同时会同各国共产党处理一般性事务.     

“日本天津军的谋略”:1935年胡白事件之探析

1935年之胡恩溥、白逾桓被暗杀事件,是“日本天津军的谋略”,目的是将国民政府赖以维持统治华北的有关机关、人员和军队从华北赶走.事件发生后,双方舆论展开对阵,双方人员展开一场严重的交涉.中方舆论含蓄地指出事件为日方所为,日伪舆论和驻屯军、关东军及驻华使节竭力“论证”为蓝衣社所为.日军以武力为手段,采取三步走,迫使国民政府撤走河北省主席于学忠和其他官员以及中央军.国民政府虽然接受了这些要求,但是拒绝承担日军强加的责任.胡白事件本来是日军制造的,它在企图得逞后不再逼迫由国民政府来承担,胡白事件不了了之.