20世纪二三十年代知识界对贞操的现代诠释

贞操问题自五四以来成为热议话题,新文化人在批判传统贞操观的同时又为其赋予新的内涵。绝大多数新文化人在认同男女共守贞操的基础上,提倡夫妇互守贞操;继而又有人将贞操从婚姻领域扩展到恋爱领域,将爱情作为衡量贞操的唯一标准,强调贞操的“灵肉一致”和“灵先于肉”。这些观念成为知识界的“一般思想”。在这一诠释过程中,人们使用了多种现代知识和现代话语,反映出此时中国知识结构及其话语体系从传统向现代的转型。     

模糊不清的“共和主义”:费城工匠的诉求与美国早期资本主义的发展

美国建国初期,随着政治文化的变动与地方市场的发展,费城工匠的生活面临诸多困境。对此,他们借助“共和主义”的话语追求“公共利益、自由、平等与独立”,以表达抗议与不满。与此同时,工匠的共和话语蕴含着复杂多元的价值取向。这反映了美国早期资本主义发展进程中极其复杂的多重矛盾冲突。这些矛盾,不仅存在于工匠与倾向于“精英统治”的政治精英之间,也存在于工匠内部。当工匠将这些复杂的价值取向转化为行动后,对美国早期资本主义发展产生了意义深远的影响。一方面,工匠促进公共利益的诉求转化为反对精英拥有特权的行动,推进了美国早期自由资本主义发展;另一方面,在美国早期自由资本主义发展过程中,雇主与雇员之间的矛盾加剧,双方对于“平等”的不同诉求,使美国产生新的社会冲突,形成了新的社会阶级。     

日本史学中“近世”概念的流变

日本史学中“近世”一词,出现于江户时代,原是当时人自指,即“最近时代”之义。明治维新之后,“近世”所指时代仍为江户时代,其涵义则与近代对立,以至于被归入中世"第二次世界大战后史学的发展使近世得以脱离中世范畴,被视为一个独立时代概念。而在地域研究和近代化论兴起的背景下,近世与当代的关系得到强调,近世的内涵又出现了“最近时代”的意味。“近世”概念出现至今,经历了变义、独立而回归的过程"     

成都博物馆藏东汉陶仙山插座初探

成都及周边地区东汉晚期墓葬中出土有一种明显为仙山造型的陶质插座,倾向于为摇钱树的树座。其整体的三山、平台、洞穴造型及其上较为丰富的人物、羽人、伏羲、女娲、西王母形象应是当时观念中以昆仑、西王母为中心的神仙信仰的表现。将其制作为专门的丧葬用品,一方面反映了当时丧葬文化中的神仙信仰成分和超越死亡的升仙愿望,另一方面也再次印证了西南地区流行的摇钱树的主要内涵应与升仙有关。     

南京江宁上坊谢家山出土“天乙”滑石猪与司命信仰——也谈玉石猪手握的丧葬意义

南京江宁上坊谢家山出土一对滑石猪手握,其腹部的"天"、"乙"刻铭应连读为"天乙",即古代星官和神祇"天一"的别写。在汉六朝时期的观念中,天一与北斗有密切关系,都属于司命信仰的一部分。此信仰汉晋时偏于北斗,多见于一般文献;六朝时偏于天一,多见于道教文献。汉六朝时期流行的玉石猪手握即是此种司命信仰的表现。由于在六朝时,其中北斗部分已由七星板来代表,玉石猪更偏向于天一的部分。这一倾向可能与道教对传统信仰的继承和发展有关。     

先秦遗址出土朱砂的化学鉴定和产地判断方法评述

朱砂作为颜料或墓底铺垫在黄河流域和长江流域的众多先秦考古遗址中都有发现,然而现代朱砂矿藏则主要集中分布在我国的西南地区。因此,先秦时代很可能存在某种形式的广域交换网络,促成了朱砂和其他物品的远距离传播。经过对国内外朱砂产地相关研究方法的评述,可知采用硫同位素和汞同位素相结合的方法对古人可能利用的汞矿的朱砂样本和考古遗址出土的朱砂样本进行采样分析,有望重建先秦朱砂交换网络。     

First Evidence Of The Use Of Freshwater Pearls As A Cosmetic In Ancient China: Analysis Of White Makeup Powder From A Northern Song Dynasty Lv Tomb (Lantian,Shaanxi Province,China)

The Lv family tombs in Lantian, Shaanxi Province are one of the most important archaeological sites of China in recent years, providing numerous objects and a wealth of information for the study of the history of the Northern Song dynasty. There were a large number of exquisite cultural relics unearthed from the tombs, including one porcelain box containing white powder, which was identified as women's makeup. The phase composition, microstructure, thermal properties and characteristics of the trace elements in the unearthed white cosmetic powder were comprehensively analysed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry – thermogravimetry (DSC–TG), Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) microscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES). The white makeup powder was determined to be a product made from high‐quality freshwater pearls. These results, for the first time, showed evidence that freshwater pearl powder was used as a cosmetic in ancient China using archaeological objects, providing scientific evidence and new clues to enrich and expand research into the ancient Chinese cosmetic materials.     

A Rock‐Magnetic Quest for Possible Ore Sources for the Ancient Iron‐Smelting Industry in the Olkhon Region (Lake Baikal,Siberia)

Rock‐magnetic techniques were used to examine the topsoil layer of Kurma archaeological site (in the Olkhon region, on the north‐western coast of Lake Baikal, Siberia) in an effort to determine the possible sources of iron ores for iron‐smelting centres (at about the bc /ad boundary). Measurements have shown a magnetic enhancement of the topsoil due to magnetite grains resulting from weathering of strongly magnetic crystalline rocks. They have also revealed a preliminary picture of the distribution of strongly magnetic topsoils around the ancient iron‐smelting centres. Perhaps, in addition to traditional sources of raw materials, the ancient metallurgists used black sand talus as an ore deposit.     

Development of Collaborative Structure Analysis (CSA) System and Its Application to Investigate Effects of Soil-Structure Interaction

In this article, a collaborative structure analysis (CSA) system is developed for integrating different finite-element simulation programs. In this system, a simulated structure is divided into multiple substructures, and the interaction between the substructures is considered. Interfaces for the commercial finite-element program ABAQUS and for an open-source framework for structure analysis, OpenSees, are developed to achieve CSA integration. The CSA system is applied to analysis of a soil-structure interaction (SSI) problem, and the effects of SSI are investigated, and the efficiency and accuracy of the system are demonstrated.     

From Revanchism to Ambivalence: The Changing Politics of Street Vending in Guangzhou

By focusing on Guangzhou's street‐vending policy transformation, this article explores how exclusionary practices of urban politics in China are undermined by those who it seeks to exclude and the progressive political climate that questions the exclusionary framework. The exclusion of street vendors in Guangzhou has been led by the National Sanitary City campaign as a revanchist project. It has been discovered that while the exclusionary strategies are rendered difficult to operate due to the resistance of street vendors who develop a flexible, individualized and small‐scale activism to maintain their livelihoods, the discourse of social harmony at national level has driven local authorities to seek alternatives expected to alleviate social resistance and address people's livelihoods. However, rather than an overturn of the punitive framework, an ambivalent approach, recognized in a recent critique of revanchism, has been adopted to mediate the tension between the needs to retain attractive city images and address the livelihoods of the poor in Chinese cities.