国际贸易与环境协调发展的难点和出路

本文分析了国际贸易与环境冲突的现状、原因,探讨了解决贸易与环境冲突面临的困难,在此基础上提出了协调贸易与环境出路的5个方面,即建立国际贸易环境成本内化核算体系;建立可持续性的补偿基金;建立以贸易与环境协定为准则的多边合作机制;建立各国"环境标志制度"的统一标准化管理体系;建构环境与贸易协调的全球法律和价值伦理体系。     

区域性环境污染的自治理机制设计与分析

本文分析了征收排污费、产权交易和排污权许可交易制度在解决区域性环境问题方面的优劣和自治理机制设计分析,结论是:排污权许可交易制度在解决相对封闭区域的环境污染问题方面是最优的,并且通过建立污染市场是能够有效运行的。     

红木雕“八仙醉酒”座屏

山西省临汾地区丁村民俗博物馆收藏有一件红木雕《八仙醉酒》座屏,可惜屏座已失,仅留屏芯。这件红木雕艺术品,无论从雕刻技巧,布局结构,还是从人物造型,情节内容看,都是一件艺术价值和物价值较高的木雕工艺品。山西省物鉴定组于1988年将其定为二级物。     

从政治地理结构变化看边疆城市空间发展方向选——以哈尔滨为例

城市空间发展方向选择是城市规划中的重要问题。本文引入政治地理学中的政治地理结构概念,以哈尔滨城市为例,对边疆城市空间发展方向选择的影响因素进行分析,发现:在特定时期,政治因素可能成为决定边疆城市空间发展方向选择的主导因素;但是,一旦政治地理结构趋于稳定,多因素的综合作用将显著上升,边疆城市空间发展选择应因时、因地制宜。     

探析非物质文化遗产保护与高校教育的融合

非物质文化遗产保护和高校教育是互相联系、相互作用的两个彼此紧密联系的方面,处理好两者的关系不仅对于保护和传承非物质文化遗产具有重要的意义,而且也能促进教育的发展。     

Analyzing Space–Time Crime Incidents Using Eigenvector Spatial Filtering: An Application to Vehicle Burglary

Poisson models generally are utilized in analyzing spatial patterns of crime count data. When spatial autocorrelation is present, these models are extended to account for it. Among various methods, eigenvector spatial filtering (ESF) furnishes an efficient means of analysis. However, because space–time crime data have temporal components as well as spatial components, Poisson models need to be further adjusted to reflect the two types of components simultaneously. This article discusses how the ESF method can be utilized to model space–time crime data, extending the generalized linear mixed model specification for it. This approach is illustrated with an application to space–time vehicle burglary incidents in the city of Plano, Texas, during 2004–2009. Los modelos de Poisson generalmente se utilizan en el análisis de los patrones espaciales de los datos de recuento de crimen. Cuando hay autocorrelación espacial, estos modelos son modificados para dar cuenta de ello. Entre los diversos métodos existentes, el método Eigenvector (autovector, vector propio) de filtrado espacial (Eigenvector Spatial Filtering‐ESF) proporciona un medio eficaz para dicho análisis. Sin embargo, dado que los datos de criminalidad espacio‐temporales tienen tanto componentes temporales como espaciales, los modelos tipo Poisson requieren de un ajuste adicional para reflejar ambos tipos de componentes de manera simultánea. El artículo presente expone cómo el método ESF puede ser utilizado para modelar datos espacio‐temporales sobre delitos mediante la modificación del modelo mixto lineal generalizado (Generalized Linear Mixed Model‐GLMM). El procedimiento propuesto se ilustra con el caso de incidentes espacio‐temporales de robos de vehículos en la ciudad de Plano, Texas, durante 2004–2009. 泊松模型一般用于犯罪计数数据的空间模式分析中,当空间自相关关系呈现时,这类模型可扩展以解释潜在的分布特征。在各种模型中,特征向量空间滤波（ESF）提供了一种有效的分析方法。然而,由于时空犯罪数据包含时间和空间组分,因此泊松模型需要进一步调整以同时反映这两种不同类型的数据。本文讨论了如何利用特征向量空间滤波(ESF)模型对时空犯罪数据进行建模,并采用扩展广义线性混合模型(GLMM)进行规范。最后,以德克萨斯州普莱诺市2004‐2009年的车辆盗窃案数据进行了实证验证。     

A revealed preference index of urban amenities: Using travel demand as a proxy

We introduce an index of urban amenities based on hotel night stays that can rank most US metros for the years 1990 through 2015. This naive index can be used on its own to study changes in amenity level or with other measures to reduce omitted variable bias. Researchers can also use the index to create panel datasets from more sophisticated cross‐sectional indexes. Empirical testing shows the bundle of amenities associated with hotel stays has substantial effects on variation in housing prices across cities and time, validating our proxy variable approach. Testing for an association with wages is inconclusive.     

Impacts of Spatial Autocorrelation in Georeferenced Beta and Multinomial Random Variables

The literature is replete with acknowledgments that spatial autocorrelation (SA) inflates the variance of a random variable (RV), and that it also may alter other RV distributional properties. In most studies, impacts of SA have been examined only for the three most commonly used distributions: the normal, Poisson (and its negative binomial counterpart), and binomial distributions; much less is known about its effects on two other RVs that are utilized in GIScience research: the beta and the multinomial. The beta distribution—which is considered to be very flexible because it can mimic a uniform, exponential, sinusoidal, and normal RV—can be utilized to analyze the radiance of a remotely sensed image, for example. The multinomial distribution, a generalization of the binomial distribution, has been widely used for land use classification, and to describe land use change. The literature also suggests that RV impacts of negative SA, a neglected topic in spatial analysis, may differ from those of positive SA, at least for some RVs (e.g., the Poisson RV). The purpose of this article is to extend the investigation of effects of SA to beta and multinomial RVs, with both positive SA and negative SA assessed and contrasted with each other, using simulation experiments. The simulation experiments are designed to support this assessment. One of the major discoveries is that impacts of positive SA and negative SA behave similarly when a RV conforms to a normal distribution; however, maximum negative SA is unable to materialize for asymmetric RV, whereas positive SA always converges upon its maximum.     

早期文明的标准与解释

讨论早期文明探源流行的文化标准和社会标准,体现了文明探源从断代和事件向社会复杂化过程的转变。文化标准涉及城市、青铜与文字的意义和内涵,以及它们在社会演进中的意义。社会标准涉及新进化论的四个社会类型,并对酋邦与古国概念做了述评。最后强调了解释的问题,希望我国学界建立统一的概念和术语体系,以减少无谓的争论和论述的模糊性,提高研究质量并努力与国际接轨。     

陕西窑洞传统乡村聚落景观基因组图谱构建及特征分析

窑洞聚落是黄土高原最典型的聚落形态，它具有悠久的历史、深厚的精神文化内涵以及独特的文化景观特征，在陕西渭北地区和陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区分布广泛。本研究基于传统聚落景观基因组图谱的相关研究，以陕西31个窑洞传统乡村聚落为研究对象，按照“单个窑洞聚落、多个窑洞聚落、特定研究区”三个层次，构建了窑洞聚落的典型院落图谱、空间序列图谱、院落模式图谱、排列模式图谱和空间格局图谱五大类型图谱体系。通过分析窑洞聚落景观基因组图谱的基本特征，进一步验证了构建窑洞聚落景观基因组图谱的必要性和迫切性。本研究旨在丰富景观基因组图谱层次，推动景观基因研究向区域层面发展，并为窑洞聚落景观基因信息链修复及景观基因区域识别系统构建等相关研究奠定基础，为保护与发展窑洞聚落提供科学依据。