释玺印及陶文中的"昆阳(土市)(市)"

古文字资料中有如下两则材料: ()<古玺汇编>(简称<汇编>)0332号 ()<古陶文汇编>9·4 两例右面的字在<汇编>1936号作形,3288号作形.另在<汇编>1935号中有作形的字,其字在<汇编>1937号作形,<汇编>1938号作形,<汇编>1939号作形,这些皆增加了邑旁(详<战国文字编>1084页).     

“敷搭双肩下垂式”与“钩纽式”佛衣在北朝晚期的兴起

中土佛像在经历了"褒衣博带式"佛衣一统南北的局面后,约在南北朝晚期,出现了向印度样式回归的趋势,这种回归不同于简单的引进,而是基于律典,将佛衣民族样式与外来样式相互交融的产物。"敷搭双肩下垂式"与"钩纽式"佛衣,即是继"褒衣博带式"佛衣之后,兴起于东魏、北齐境内的新型佛衣样式,呈跨地域传播的态势,影响深远。本文依据造像实物,联系佛教律典规制及相关文献,对这两款佛衣的基本披着方式、演化类型及大规模兴起的成因予以揭示。     

唐代“六胡州”州城的建置及其运用——“降户”的安置和役使的一个类型

唐朝在突厥降户中贾胡的处理上采取把他们安置在适合生活的地方,并对之进行驱使的办法。这典型的表现在"六胡州"州城的建置及其运用之上。六胡州设于"河曲"之地的中西部一带,介于六州中的灵州、夏州之间,是指鲁、丽、塞、含、依、契等六小州。在突厥降户中,主要是贾胡降户被集体安置在这些州城之内。这些州城位于今内蒙古自治区河套地区的最南段一带,以及长城以北较为狭窄的地区,属于北方著名的湖泽地区,利于养马。六胡州民之所以主要由贾胡降户来组成,是因为他们具有养马等技术特长。他们在六胡州的州城内受到统治,并受驱使从事养马的工作。六胡州在高宗调露元年建置,这时唐朝正好遭遇养马大量丧失的危机,这是建置六胡州的重要原因。此外,六胡州因"以唐人为刺史",而不称羁縻州。六胡州民居于州城内的"坊"里。他们不一定都一直活动在州城之内,但应"编籍"在州城中一定区域的名称之下。     

小议郑州“河一”铁官铭画像灰陶灶

1989年郑州市博物馆收藏了一件汉代"河一"铁官铭画像灰陶灶。本文根据灶类明器的演变,画像风格以及铭文考察,将这件器物的年代定在东汉早中期。     

近代中国知识分子的悲剧——试论《时务报》内讧

由黄遵宪、汪康年和梁启超等人创办的<时务报>是维新运动期间最为重要的宣传阵地,对近代中国政治、文化的发展曾起到过重要作用.然而遗憾的是,随着戊戌年的政治进程,随着<时务报>日趋红火,黄、汪、梁三人的处境开始变化,他们共患难的创业精神开始丢失,三人之间的关系出现微妙变化,并最终导致分手,仅存两年的<时务报>就此结束.<时务报>悲剧是近代中国政治史的一个缩影,由此也折射出近代中国知识分子的一些基本特征,所蕴含的意味相当深刻.     

Germs, hosts, and the origin of Frank Macfarlane Burnet's concept of "self " and "tolerance," 1936-1949

In the early twentieth century, the living organism's ability to distinguish its "self" from foreign entities such as bacteria, viruses, transplanted tissue, or transfused blood was a major problem in medical science. This article discusses how the Australian immunologist Frank Macfarlane Burnet arrived at a satisfactory explanation of this problem through his 1949 theory of "self" and "tolerance." Burnet's theoretical work began from his study of diverse factors affecting the conditions of the host and the germ for the occurrence of infectious diseases. Among them, the host's age came to receive his attention as a crucial factor. This understanding was facilitated by his acceptance of cytoplasm inheritance theories, which emphasized the importance of the embryonic host's changing conditions according to its age. Based on this idea, he claimed in 1949 that the "self" of the organism was defined during its embryogenesis. Peter B. Medawar and his colleagues' demonstration of Burnet's claim became the basis for awarding Burnet and Medawar the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1960. While previous histories have focused on Burnet's "inductive reasoning" or "ecological perspective" to explain his conception of the theory of "self" and "tolerance," this article finds the origin of his ideas within an important line of modern medical research engendered through the development of germ theories--the studies of the host body and its relationship with parasites.     

马来西亚华人与马来人就业地位变化的比较与分析

本文将自殖民统治时期到2005年的马来西亚历史分为五个时期,对华人与马来人就业地位的发展变化进行了纵向比较,并对其变化的原因进行了简要分析。作者认为,独立近50年来,马来西亚马来人的就业地位在持续上升,而华人的就业地位则在不断下降,马来人已经逐渐超越华人成为许多领域的就业优势族群。马来西亚政府的政策干预是导致这种变化的一个重要原因。政府一贯执行的“马来人优先”的就业干预政策,使华人和马来人的就业变化失去了公平竞争的平台,政府在积极保护马来人就业增长的同时,对华人及其他非马来人却极力排斥,导致马来人与华人的就业地位发生了上述变化。     

透光摄影在古书画修复与研究中的应用

透光摄影由常规可见光摄影发展而来，是针对中国古书画等能被可见光穿透的文物开发的一项无损摄影检测技术。通过实践发现透光摄影在古书画的修复与研究领域具有多项作用：观察书画命纸、背纸拼接等装裱情况；发现前人加固、补缀等修复痕迹；获取画面底稿内容；强化伤况视觉效果以便于分析文物伤况病害。透光摄影能够提供直观可靠的深层视觉信息，辅助修复人员了解文物内部状态，在古书画的修复与研究中发挥重要作用。     

中国科技园区位布局探析--以西安科技园区为例

科技园区是20世纪高技术产业化方面最重要的创举,创建科技园区以发展高技术产业已成为国际趋势。国内外研究表明,科技园区成功的关键的因素之一是区位布局,一般只有大城市的区位条件,才能为高技术企业的技术创新提供各种聚集经济条件。因而科技园区必然在城市化地区首先出现。但国内外科技园区的实践证明,这一结论没有普遍性。本分析了科技园区布局的一般规律,并以西安科技园区位布局为例作分析验证,以期为科技园区的布局提供科学依据。     

University-Industry Collaboration on Technology Transfer: Views from the Ivory Tower

This article reports the results of a national survey that examines the concerns of American faculty about close university industry collaboration and explores how these concerns may impinge upon their participation in industrial innovation. The data show that while academics are generally, but cautiously, in favor of close collaboration, they live with deep tension that is caused by two powerfully competing realities: the instrumental need for industry funding, and the intrinsic need to preserve intellectual freedom. A challenge to public policy is to fashion a positive-sum strategy (e.g., tax incentives) in which firms would be encouraged to increase funding for their academic collaborators, who then may fulfill their research mission better while contributing to industrial innovation.