Transitions in cast iron technology of the nomads in Mongolia

Metallurgical study of seven cast iron artifacts recovered from sites of the former Xiongnu (BC 3rd to AD 1st), Turk (AD 6th to 8th), Khitan (AD 10th to 12th), and Mongolian empires (AD 12th to 15th) shows that the earlier Xiongnu and Turk artifacts were made of cast iron alloys of near eutectic composition. The later Khitan and Mongol objects had greatly reduced carbon content in the range of ultrahigh carbon steel rather than cast iron, and contained more than 0.5 mass % silicon as an alloying element. Inclusions high in sulfur, phosphorus or silicon are also present. These differences suggest that Mongolia experienced a technical transition a few centuries before the establishment of the Mongolian empire, which is in agreement with some written accounts. The microstructures of the cast iron artifacts are compared with the related archaeological and documentary evidence. The results suggest that the use of fossil coal in smelting and the state policy of controlling iron production were the major factors responsible for the transition.     

《唐大和上东征传》鉴真携带品辨正

真人元开(Omino Mihune)撰于779年的鉴真传记<唐大和上东征传>,有多种写本、刊本传世.1762年以后的刊本,流传颇广,其对文本的字词误读甚至影响到今天.本稿依据现存日本的古写本及多种刊本,对鉴真第二次东渡携带品的误读进行辨析、纠谬,指出在研究域外汉籍中写本的重要性.     

黄新聪:援藏半年妻子说我变黑了变胖了——福建省第力批援藏工作队左贡县委副书记黄新聪

援藏工作是中央政府支援帮助西藏实现跨越式发展的重要方式与途径。西藏和平解放后,中央政府制定了一系列特殊政策和措施,帮助和扶持西藏发展,并动员和组织内地发达地区支援西藏建设。20世纪80年代,中央把立足民族平等、加快西藏发展作为民族工作的重点。1984年中央第二次西藏工作座谈会后,国家对西藏经济支持力度逐年增大,全国性的援藏工程开始。     

Conodonts and tabulate corals from the Upper Ordovician Angullong Formation of central New South Wales,Australia

Zhen, Y.Y., Wang, G.X. &; Percival, I.G., August 2016. Conodonts and tabulate corals from the Upper Ordovician Angullong Formation of central New South Wales, Australia. Alcheringa 41, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518.

The Angullong Formation is the youngest Ordovician unit exposed in the Cliefden Caves area of central New South Wales. Its maximum age is constrained by a Styracograptus uncinatus graptolite Biozone fauna at the very top of the underlying Malongulli Formation, but the few fossils previously reported from higher in the Angullong Formation are either long-ranging or poorly known. From allochthonous limestone clasts in the middle part of the formation, we document a conodont fauna comprising Aphelognathus grandis, A. solidum, Aphelognathus sp., Aphelognathus? sp., Belodina confluens, Drepanoistodus suberectus, Panderodus gracilis, Panderodus sp., Phragmodus undatus, Pseudobelodina inclinata and Pseudobelodina? sp. aff. P. obtusa, which supports correlation with the Aphelognathus grandis Biozone (late Katian) of the North American Midcontinent succession. The species concepts of Aphelognathus and Pseudobelodina are reviewed in detail. Associated corals are exclusively tabulates, dominated by agetolitids, including Agetolites angullongensis sp. nov., Heliolites orientalis, Hemiagetolites breviseptatus, Hemiagetolites sp. cf. H. spinimarginatus, Navoites sp. cf. N. circumflexa, Plasmoporella bacilliforma, P. marginata, Quepora sp. cf. Q. calamus and Sarcinula sp. Affinities of the coral fauna from the Angullong Formation are closer to faunas from northern NSW and northern Queensland than to the locally recognized Fauna III of late Eastonian age in central NSW. We propose a subdivision of Fauna III to account for this difference, with the late Katian Fauna IIIB characterized by the incoming of agetolitid corals. The currently known distribution of representatives of this group with adequate age constraints suggests that agetolitids possibly originated in North China, subsequently migrating to Tarim, South China and adjacent peri-Gondwanan terranes while also spreading eastward to northern Gondwana, where they progressively moved through eastern Australia to reach the central NSW region by the early Bolindian.

Yong Yi Zhen* (yong-yi.zhen@industry.nsw.gov.au) and Ian G. Percival (ian.percival@industry.nsw.gov.au), Geological Survey of New South Wales, W.B. Clarke Geoscience Centre, 947–953 Londonderry Road, Londonderry, NSW 2753, Australia; Guangxu Wang (gxwang@nigpas.ac.cn), State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road Nanjing 210008 PR China.     

晚清海盗述论——以《申报》为中心

本文利用《申报》资料,勾勒晚清海盗的基本情况,以期丰富与深化中国近代社会史的研究。晚清时段各地均有海盗出没,他们横行海上,杀人越货,绑票勒赎,有时还上岸抢劫,对抗官兵,导致商旅裹足,外国插手,对社会经济造成严重危害。官府与民间分别采取各种对策以应对,收到了一定的效果,但根治海盗依旧任重道远。     

民初宋教仁遇刺案探疑

宋教仁遇刺是民初影响深远的重大历史事件,在以往的著述中,袁世凯阴谋策划刺宋的说法几成定论。但此说存在不少疑点,从宏观政治形势上看,袁世凯未必愿意刺杀宋教仁;根据具体证据,刺宋是会党头目应夔丞主动提出并策划的,受到洪述祖的推动,袁世凯、赵秉钧是否知情只能存疑。参与推翻清朝的各派势力在民初成为分享政权的既得利益者,他们彼此虽有矛盾,但并不会轻率冒险决裂,惟独会党由于自身素质的局限,被排斥于权力格局之外,心怀不满并积极寻找出路,其行为方式又带有浓厚的暴力色彩,成为民初社会中的破坏性因素。会党力量有限,常常依附于其他势力,这样其暴力活动在各势力间起到了激化矛盾的作用,最终加速了合作局面的瓦解和大规模内战的爆发。     

河南汉代陶阙及相关问题

本文依据已发表的考古学资料,对河南出土的汉代陶阙进行了分类分期研究,并对其中一类陶阙在汉墓中的位置、寓意、双阙中间的“罘罳”及其上面的浮雕像内容进行了探讨。     

计量经济分析方法在国外旅游研究中的应用——基于ATR和TM所载文献的统计分析

本文对国外旅游界最具影响力的两大旅游研究刊物Annals of Tourism Research（ATR）（1974—2005）和Tourism Management（TM）（1980—2005）中运用计量经济分析方法的122篇文献进行了全面回顾。在对计量经济分析方法的构成情况及应用领域进行统计分析的基础上,对其在国外旅游研究中的应用演进情况做了归纳和概括。研究发现,计量经济分析方法正逐渐成为国外学者进行旅游研究的主要手段之一,其中回归模型、时间序列模型和面板数据模型是最常用的手段;方法的应用主要集中在旅游需求研究方面,其次是旅游产业与环境关系研究、旅游供给研究。从研究方法的应用演进来看,经过30多年的发展,从静态的零星运用到比较系统的、动态的多种方法的整合运用,计量经济分析方法在旅游研究中的应用日渐成熟。