Three Common Machine Learning Algorithms Neither Enhance Prediction Accuracy Nor Reduce Spatial Autocorrelation in Residuals: An Analysis of Twenty-five Socioeconomic Data Sets

Machine learning (ML) is being applied in an increasing volume of geographical research. However, the aspects of spatial autocorrelation (SAC) in the residuals produced by ML models have been understudied compared to the benefit of ML, namely, reduction of prediction errors. In this study, we examined the relationship between predictive accuracy and the reduction in the residual SAC for 597 variables from 25 geographical socio-economic data sets using spatial and nonspatial cross-validation of three ML algorithms such as random forests, support vector machine, and artificial neural network (ANN) to provide an extensive empirical diagnosis—but not a definitive theory—of the relationship between SAC and ML. Our results highlighted that the ML algorithms with tuned hyperparameters yielded marginal predictive accuracy gains and the minimal decreases in residual SAC. ANN revealed lower accuracy and higher reduction in the residual SAC than others. This implies ML algorithms in geographical research in socio-economic domains would not always result in higher prediction accuracy. We suggest that ML in geographical research should be cautiously employed when the main objective is related to the residual SAC. We also showed that spatial cross-validation neither improves predictive accuracy substantially nor reduce the residual SAC effectively.     

循径入道品画图——再读《蓝瑛法古山水册》

本文将蓝瑛对古典山水画的传承形态放在当时大文化语境中进行解读，认为其回归“复古”的创作，是心灵感悟的透彻体认，他把画意引入诗“兴”的情境，不仅昭示了意象审美的无限可能性，而且也符合文人画表现的写意之道。     

主观感知的城市环境对居民健康的影响研究——基于全国60个县市的大样本调查

在“健康中国”战略推进和健康城市建设背景下，关注城市建成环境对公共健康影响的研究日益增加。目前相关研究主要纳入了客观测量的城市环境变量，而主观感知的城市环境变量能够体现出客观测量的城市环境变量难以捕捉的健康影响效应，具体作用有待深入探究。本研究建立了个体、社区和城市三个层面的分析框架，基于中国社会科学院社会发展战略研究院于2016年开展的“社会态度与社会发展状况”全国大样本问卷调研数据，探究主观感知的城市物质环境和服务环境对居民自评健康的影响作用并识别显著影响要素。研究发现：感知的城市环境对居民自评健康具有显著影响，其中居民对城市绿化、基础设施状况、住房保障和医疗服务的感知是影响自评健康较为主要的环境感知因素。最后本研究基于定量分析结果讨论对健康城市评价和研究的启示，推动健康城市的发展。     

Research on the Characteristics of Timber Frames of Tingtang in Residences of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Shanghai

ABSTRACT

The majority of research on residential architecture of Shanghai has focused on modern Shikumen. While in Shanghai, there are more than seventy representative residential buildings of Ming and Qing Dynasties, which demonstrate great achievements in technology and art; few efforts have been made on them. Via literature research and on-site investigation, this article contributes to the investigation of timber frames of tingtang of Ming and Qing residences in Shanghai. It studies the characteristics and influential mechanism from three aspects. First, it reviews the history of residences development in Shanghai. Second, it interprets the establishment of the timber frame style. Through-jointed frame in ancient Wu Area was influenced by the space need and the Central Plains’ raised-beam frame. It finally evolved into “zhengtie raised-beam frame + biantie through-jointed frame” style by Xiangshan Bang carpenters. Third, the article discusses the regional characteristics of being material economic and flexible collocation, which reflects the local customs. The study clarifies the importance of social background influence on timber frames of tingtang of Ming and Qing residences in Shanghai. It is one of the series of architectural studies in Jiangnan region, and appeals for more attention to the protection and maintenance of traditional architectures in Shanghai.     

从红山文化女神头像谈中国古代唇妆艺术的产生

唇妆,在古代又称点唇,今天的口红在古代则称唇脂,这在东汉刘熙《释名．释首饰》中便有记载,“唇脂,以丹作之,象唇赤也”。隋唐以后又有称“口脂”者,如韦庄《江城子》“朱唇动,先觉口脂香”。用唇脂涂唇在古代又称“点唇术”,可以增加口唇的鲜艳光泽,并给人以健康、年轻、充满活力的印象,所以自古以来点唇术便备受众多     

近代台湾水利工程--以嘉南大圳为例

日本占据台湾后,为了满足本国粮食与糖类的需要,也为侵华战争提供粮食支持,加紧扶持台湾的农业生产。对此,日辖台湾总督府多次颁布有关农业发展的政策并采取一系列措施。在推广优质品种、实行强制性农会组织后,总督府逐渐将重点放到完善和修筑水利工程上。由于原有埤圳模式缺点的暴露以及政府期望更有力地控制公共资源,日辖台湾总督府开始实施官修埤圳政策。台南州的嘉南大圳正是这一时期的代表。     

蜂蜡类残留物的科学分析研究

蜂蜡是古代人类可获得的最常见的天然材料之一，在人类生产生活中占有重要地位。对蜂蜡类残留物的科技分析可直接提供古代人类对蜂蜡利用的科学证据。本文介绍了蜂蜡的产生与组成，梳理了蜂蜡类残留物的样品处理与检测分析方法，并总结了蜂蜡类残留物科学鉴定的依据，以期为古代蜂蜡利用与其他相关问题的研究提供有益参考。     

读《送陶徵君还峨眉图》

<正>山石溪涧,漂浮烟岚,峰峦隐没,树木参差,秋风飒飒,叶朗枝劲,悬瀑如练,山道蜿蜒。一高士策杖,蹀蹀而行,观云涛涌动,听流泉鸣溅,忘情青山幽水,身心融入天地自然;二仆童相偕,缓步随后,于峰回路转处驻足,私语喁喁。咫尺之内,境域宽泛;人在景中,意在画外。     

Plant exploitation of the last foragers at Shizitan in the Middle Yellow River Valley China: evidence from grinding stones

China is one of the few centers in the world where plant domestication evolved independently, but its developmental trajectory is poorly understood. This is because there is considerably less data from the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene documented in China than in other regions, such as the Near East and Mesoamerica, and previous studies on Paleolithic subsistence in China have largely focused on animal hunting rather than plant gathering. To resolve these problems the current research investigated the range of plants used by late Paleolithic hunter–gatherers in the middle Yellow River region where some of the earliest farmers emerged. We employed usewear and starch analyses on grinding stones to recover evidence for plant use in a hunting–gathering population at a late Paleolithic site, Shizitan Locality 9 in Jixian, Shanxi (ca. 13,800–8500 cal. BP). The usewear analysis shows that all artifacts preserved a range of usewear patterns best matching multiple tasks and indicating multi-functional use. Starch remains recovered from these tools indicate that the Shizitan people collected and processed many types of grass seeds (Panicoideae and Pooideae subfamilies), acorns (Quercus sp.), beans (Phaseoleae tribe) and yams (Dioscorea sp.). The Shizitan people represented some of the last hunter–gatherers in the middle Yellow River region. Their broad spectrum subsistence strategy was apparently carried on by the first Neolithic farmers in the same region, who collected similar wild plants and eventually domesticated millets. The trajectory from intensified collection of a wide range of wild plants to domestication of a small number of species was a very long process in north China. This parallels the transition from the “broad spectrum revolution” to agriculture in the Near East.