魏晋十六国北朝关中侨置武都郡研究

前秦时关中氐人分布的武都是指侨置武都郡。侨置武都郡始于曹魏。曹魏为与蜀汉争夺陇右,将武都氐人迁徙至关中,并先后在小槐里和美阳设置武都郡以进行管理。西晋江统的《徙戎论》反映出此时关中武都氐聚居的地方未置武都郡。十六国初期屠各刘氏和羯族石氏先后统治关中,将大量氐羌迁往关东,因此这一时期在关中侨置武都郡缺乏现实基础。苻健立国关中后,在战略要地宝鸡附近侨置武都郡,是其氐人本位政策的体现。北魏时侨置武都郡始领县级行政单位,统治范围扩大,标志着氐人的关中化,同时它也是太武帝平定盖吴叛乱时分化关中南道氐人的重要战略举措。西魏北周立国关中后受政区滥置影响,武都郡领县减少。隋开皇间侨置武都郡在当权者废郡、保留州县的地方行政政策的影响下消失于历史舞台。     

敦煌文献中所见唐五代时期的水利官吏

敦煌文献中保存了许多唐五代时期地方各级水利官吏的设置运作状况记录。唐代前期设都水令,为当时敦煌“统以千渠”的最高级别水利官员。中唐吐蕃统治时期设“水官”“部落水官”以及“水监”“部落水监”“地方总水监”。晚唐五代归义军时期专设水司,长官为都渠泊使,下设多名水官。敦煌绿洲四界及寿昌灌区分别设置多名有特殊责任的水官“平水”,以“平治水利”,平水“相量”为务。此外,每条灌渠、每座斗门均设渠头或斗门长,属基层一级。这套水利官吏系统层层负责,相互配合,有效保证了农田灌溉顺利进行。同时敦煌民间还自发地组织起一批“渠人社”,这对地方政府水利管理体系是有益的补充。研究历史上水利官吏系统及其运作状况,对今天河湖运行和治理管护也具有借鉴作用。     

西方博物馆展览策划的理念与实践:从策展人(Curator)谈起——以皇家安大略博物馆为例专访沈辰先生

新世纪以来中国博物馆展览事业发展迅猛,与国外博物馆的交流活动频繁,展览策划及相关的策展人制度、理事会制度以及公众服务等均在借鉴国外经验的基础上不断完善。加拿大皇家安大略博物馆副馆长沈辰先生指出,皇家安大略博物馆等西方博物馆在curator的职责和作用,展览策划的理念和实践以及展览流程中的团队协作、对公众体验的重视、展览的筹款、董(理)事会的功能等方面的经验可以为中国博物馆的展览策划工作提供借鉴。     

赤水河在“南方丝绸之路”中的支柱意义研究

历史时期赤水河是“南方丝绸之路”的重要支柱.西汉时期随着唐蒙取道赤水河,赤水河成为西汉王朝在巴蜀向“西南夷”腹地推进的重要军事通道;东汉开始,赤水河流域经济文化较快发展,赤水河成为巴蜀繁盛之地向“西南夷”腹地传播先进文化技术的经济通道;西晋末李氏据蜀,人口锐减,李氏引僚入蜀,赤水河成为牂牁等“西南夷”腹地向巴蜀遗民的民族走廊;唐宋前期赤水河流域经济文化继续发展并留下大量遗迹,赤水河在南方丝绸之路中主要充当经济文化交流通道;南宋后期,因防御蒙古的需要,赤水河则主要充当军事往来通道;明清以来,随着贵州设省及改土归流的推进,赤水河流域开发加快,在川盐入黔、皇木转运、黔铅调运等国家资源调配之下,赤水河流域交通的经济功能凸显,虽然平播之战、平奢之乱、平吴之乱亦有取用赤水河行军,其军事通道的意义相较预经济大通道的重要作用要逊色.当今在“一带一路”战略统筹下,系统考察历史时期赤水河在“南方丝绸之路”中的属性与价值,让其继续发挥南方丝绸之路支柱作用有着重要意义,可为赤水河流域区域社会的发展带来巨大的“南方丝绸之路”遗产福利.     

贵阳忠烈宫初探:黑神信仰的源流与嬗变

黑神信仰是贵州一个独特的神明信仰,在明清至民国期间兴盛达近六百年之久.其以唐代将领南霁云为神祇,并建庙宇忠烈宫祀奉之,其中影响卓著者首推贵阳忠烈宫.因贵阳忠烈宫在清末民初逐渐演变为黔省近代文教重地达德学校,故有必要从时间与空间两个维度对之进行探究,从而明晰当地黑神信仰的源流、嬗变及其实质.藉此可知,在明清时期,黑神信仰通过官方引导、民间自发两种途径传播与兴起,积极服务于当地的社会控制与社会整合.进入近代,达德学校作为忠烈宫的后继者,在对黑神信仰所彰显的传统美德予以传承的基础上,以科学民主教育对黑神信仰进行了超越.是故,贵阳忠烈宫无疑在过去数百年间对当地社会产生了深远影响.     

Geographies of temporary markets: an anatomy of the Canton Fair

While recent research on temporary clusters and temporary markets has emphasized the knowledge generation processes associated with trade fairs, little is known about the knowledge exchanges that are embedded in market relations at these events. This paper uses the case of the Canton Fair in Guangzhou, the largest trade fair in China, to illustrate that such events do not operate as a single market, but that they generate multiple dynamic market configurations, which entail different flows of knowledge, goods and people. In a typical case study, four types of market configurations are identified that simultaneously develop at this event. The findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of market relations, knowledge and transactions in temporary spatial settings.     

The Carving Technology of the Handle‐Shaped Artefacts from Yinxu (c.1300–1046 bc) in China

The handle‐shaped artefact is a special jade object of the Three Dynasties (c.2000–200 bc ) period. The manufacturing technology and function of the handle‐shaped artefacts are widely questioned. In this paper, two handle‐shaped artefacts from Yinxu (c.1300–1046 bc ) are tested by digital microscope, Raman spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that the handle‐shaped artefacts might be made in four steps, namely rough shape cutting, edge reforming, handle making and single‐side polishing. It also suggests that the handle‐shaped artefacts might be used as sacrificial offerings, but not as hairpins or handles.     

Forty Thousand Arms for a Single Emperor: From Chemical Data to the Labor Organization Behind the Bronze Arrows of the Terracotta Army

This paper explores the integration of chemical data with metric studies and spatial analyses of archaeological artifacts to investigate questions of specialization, standardization, and production organization behind large-scale technological enterprises. The main analytical focus is placed on the 40,000 bronze arrowheads recovered with the Terracotta Army in the First Emperor’s Mausoleum, Xi’an, China. Based on the identification by portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of chemical clusters that correspond to individual metal batches, and combined with a study of their context in the tomb complex, we argue that the manufacture of arrows was organized via a cellular production model with various multi-skilled units rather than as a single production line. This system favored more adaptable and efficient logistical organization that facilitated dynamic cross-craft interaction while maintaining remarkable degrees of standardization. We discuss the use of “the batch” as an analytical category and how our method might be applied to other studies of craft organization in complex societies and imperial systems.     

From Revanchism to Ambivalence: The Changing Politics of Street Vending in Guangzhou

By focusing on Guangzhou's street‐vending policy transformation, this article explores how exclusionary practices of urban politics in China are undermined by those who it seeks to exclude and the progressive political climate that questions the exclusionary framework. The exclusion of street vendors in Guangzhou has been led by the National Sanitary City campaign as a revanchist project. It has been discovered that while the exclusionary strategies are rendered difficult to operate due to the resistance of street vendors who develop a flexible, individualized and small‐scale activism to maintain their livelihoods, the discourse of social harmony at national level has driven local authorities to seek alternatives expected to alleviate social resistance and address people's livelihoods. However, rather than an overturn of the punitive framework, an ambivalent approach, recognized in a recent critique of revanchism, has been adopted to mediate the tension between the needs to retain attractive city images and address the livelihoods of the poor in Chinese cities.