天一阁藏万斯同《明史稿》考论

天一阁藏万斯同《明史稿》,是万斯同四百十六卷本《明史》之底本,其中大量的朱笔校语与校迹亦在《明史》编纂学上有重要研究价值。本文仅就此略呈管见,以期对万斯同及《明史》研究有所裨益。     

前马克思主义阶级斗争理论的传播与发展

阶级斗争理论在古希腊提出后,通过神学家的译著在中世纪得到了传播。而在雏科的《新科学》中,这一理论继亚里士多德之后第一次用来分析历史上的阶级斗争。阶级斗争理论的发展则主要是通过圣西门的政治理论和法国复辟时期的历史理论实现的。圣西门不仅突破了阶级划分的传统标准,而且提出了新的阶级概念。更为重要的是,他重视和强调经济因素的作用,提出了所有制的概念。复辟时期的历史学家则使传统的说明由具体上升为一般,将阶级划分标准和阶级斗争爆发的原因概括为“利益关系”,并在阶级斗争的功用问题上提出了动力理论。     

聚对二甲苯在文物、图书加固保护中的应用

介绍了新型聚合物保护剂──聚对二甲苯的特性和对文物、图书的加固保护,测定了保护后的加固强度、吸水性、防霉性、防腐性,并进行了加速老化试验。     

Micro-CT investigation of ostrich eggshell beads collected from Locality 12, the Shuidonggou site,China

Ostrich eggshell (OES) beads are an important kind of human ornaments, because their production reflects the development of modern human behavior, thinking ability, and cognitive level. Although the manufacture procedure of OES beads has been reconstructed in some Later Stone Age sites and early Neolithic sites, little information is known about detailed drilling technologies. In this study, synchrotron radiation micro-CT (SR-μCT) was firstly used to scan OES beads to understand microstructure, drilling marks, and perforation shape in a non-destructive mode. In contrast to other method to research drilling technologies, SR-μCT has a unique advantage that it could eliminate the influence of the adhering soils in a perforation in case that they are not easily removed. The results indicate that (1) SR-μCT could differentiate the eggshell species between Struthio camelus and Struthio anderssoni in terms of pore distribution. Compared to other destructive methods, including the anatomical method, DNA and protein analysis, the species identification through SR-μCT is non-destructive and faster; (2) the outer and inner surface of OES could be non-destructively judged according to OES microstructure, which would help infer the drilling direction; and (3) the perforation shape and drilling marks are distinct between the discontinuous twisting drilling and the multi-rotary drilling methods on the basis of replication experiments. According to these criteria, SR-μCT was applied to examine OES beads found in Locality 12 of the Shuidonggou (SDG) site in China, which were probably discarded in 1.1 k yr BP. The results show that most of ancient beads were firstly drilled from inside. According to the perforation shape and drilling marks, both the twisting drilling and the multi-rotary drilling method with different kinds of drill bits were used in working beads. Therefore, the people in SDG site mastered a few drilling technologies in the early Holocene, and the use of the multi-rotary drilling method reflects the technical development of ancient people. Up to our knowledge, it is the earliest known evidence of the application of the multi-rotary drilling method in China. Furthermore, this study will provide a new approach and important reference to understand drilling technologies of much older OES beads in the Later Stone Age or Upper Paleolithic Age.     

论体育与政治

体育既是体育,又是国家政治的一个有机组成部分,体育与政治有着密不可分的关系。“跳出体育看体育”是对体育加深认识的重要方法。     

Land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation in the Chengtoushan site,central China,reconstructed from weed seed assemblages

Archaeobotanical analysis of moat sediments from the Neolithic site of Chengtoushan, Hunan, China, provides evidence of the land-use change for rice and foxtail millet cultivation around the site. Rice constantly appeared through the three phases of Daxi culture with high percentages, while accompanying wetland species of paddy field weeds gradually decreased. In contrast, foxtail millet increased together with upland field and ruderal weeds through the time. These changes suggest that foxtail millet cultivation was established with the expansion of dry farming in region of the site, while rice cultivation was continuously practiced on the alluvial plain surrounding the site. This diversification of land-use through the addition of foxtail millet cultivation may be attributed to population increase or as a buffer to natural disasters such as flooding. In addition, gathering of wild nuts and fruits continued alongside cultivation. These multiple strategies for food procurement provided sustainable food supply for the population of Chengtoushan for 1,800 years.     

骑兵建设推动养马业的发展--战马马源之分析

战马是有条件的:它应当是乘用型的、适龄的骟马.战马质量关系到骑兵安全乃至战争胜负,战马数量和质量制约军政势力的消涨.在军事活动中战马的损耗量特大,要想保持强大的骑兵力量,必须随时补充战马.为此,人们努力拓宽战马马源,但从根本上解决马源问题,还在于发展养马业.骑兵建设从多方面推动养马业发展,这是骑兵史研究中一个重要问题.     

印度民族政策初探

印度民族政策的核心是“一个国家,一个民族”。本文认为,这是对欧洲“民族一国家”理论的歧解和误读,其防止国家分裂和增强国家凝聚力的用心可以理解,但结果却并不利于国民团结的增强和各种矛盾的缓和。这一政策的实质是民族压迫和民族同化。     

试论洪业在索引学上的成就

在中国近现代索引史上,不可否认洪业是一个极其突出的人物.他1932年完成的<引得说>,是一部关于索引学的重要论著.而他亲自创办并长期担任主任一职的哈佛燕京学社引得编纂处,则是我国最早运用现代科学方法编纂中国古典文献索引的学术机构.