水井与北方乡村社会--基于山西、陕西、河南省部分地区乡村水井的田野考察

本研究利用田野调查所搜集的水井碑刻及访问材料,考察了明清以来山西、陕西、河南等北方地区的水井习俗,勾画了北方乡村生活用水的情境。通过水井制度研究表明,北方乡村水井在建构社区空间、规定社会秩序、管理社区人口、营造公共空间、影响村际关系等方面有重要作用。水井制度突出了地缘关系,反映了北方乡村社会的特质,对之研究有助于我们对北方传统乡村社会的认识。     

检疫、种族与租界政治——1910年上海鼠疫病例发现后的华洋冲突

1910年10月初,上海公共租界发现鼠疫病例,由于"不卫生"的华人被视为疾病蔓延的温床,外人市政当局采取了带有明显种族偏见的检疫措施,华洋关系骤然紧张,引发了多起华人下层民众的街头骚动。为了防止事态进一步恶化,华人精英提出自主检疫的主张,与外人进行协调和谈判,同时努力说服普通民众和平抗争,迫使外人最终不得不做出让步。在此后的检疫和救治过程中,华人精英一丝不苟,普通民众主动配合,不但让外人刮目相看,且也使华人增加了参与租界政治的信心。联系事态的连锁反应和后续发展,此次华人争取自主检疫的抗争,可视为推动英帝国威权在上海租界渐次崩衰的重要一环。     

宋子文与中国国防供应公司

本文根据美国胡佛档案馆所藏宋子文档案,结合已刊布的中外史料,对曾在战时中美租借关系中扮演过重要角色的中国国防供应公司作一个案研究。宋子文主管的中国国防供应公司,是抗日战争时期接洽和管理美国援华租借物资的专门机构,在租借物资的获取和营运过程中发挥过重要作用。在3年多时间里,国防供应公司以仅有大约200人的规模,开展了中国政府在美国几乎所有的物资供应工作,同时还扮演了宋子文顾问的角色。透过宋子文与该公司的工作,可以对中国争取美援、驼峰空运、飞虎队建设、远征军训练,以及中美租借关系等问题有更具体的了解。     

21世纪的"海洋破碎带"

本简析了海洋的争夺史,在此基础上提出了本的中心议题—21世纪的“海洋破碎带”。探析了“海洋破碎带”形成的七大因素,即：①海洋霸权主义对海洋国际贸易通道的争夺;②国际间对海洋国土的争夺;③海洋生物资源的争夺;④海洋矿产资源的争夺;⑤南极大陆的争夺;⑥海军军备竞赛;⑦海缘政治形势日益恶化。阐释了21纪“海洋破碎带”分布的海域。最后指出,中国不仅是一个陆地国家,也是一个海洋国家,中国的海上安全已近底线。为此,中国必须树立新的海洋观念,建立强大的海军,保卫国家的每一寸海洋国土。     

大汶口文化的骨牙“雕筒”

大汶口文化的骨牙“雕筒”是大汶口文化中最具代表性的器物之一。然而对于它们的用途和功能却一直众说纷纭,尚无定论。本文通过对其形制以及它们在墓葬中安放的位置及与相关器物的关系之考察,确认不同形制的骨牙“雕筒”具有性质不同的用途和功能。其中A、B型“雕筒”可能是一种与宗教有关的器具,而C型“雕筒”应是套在斧钺(锛)类器物木柄尾端的饰件——即镦。不论是作为宗教器具还是礼仪用具(附件)的“雕筒”,显然都是当时社会中具有特殊身份的人们才能拥有的。环顾各地的发现,类似大汶口文化骨牙“雕筒”这种特殊随葬品的出现,当系社会发展到一定阶段的必然产物,从而得以管窥当时社会权力在时间和空间上的分布状况。     

Neighbourhood food environments revisited: When food deserts meet food swamps

This study uses service area–based coverage and various count regression methods to assess neighbourhood-level healthy and unhealthy food environments, and food access associated with different socio-economic groups in Edmonton, Canada. We identify three types of vulnerable neighbourhoods according to different food environments: food deserts (i.e., neighbourhoods lack sufficient access to healthy foods); food swamps (i.e., neighbourhoods have excess access to unhealthy foods); and those with overlaps of food swamps and food deserts. We also identify neighbourhoods with superior access to healthy foods (i.e., food oases). Additionally, our results from regression analyses indicate: (1) child population is negatively associated with both healthy and unhealthy food resources; (2) good access to public transportation is associated with good coverage of all healthy food outlets and convenience stores; and (3) deprived neighbourhoods with higher percentages of minority populations have better coverage of both healthy and unhealthy foods in general. The results from this study can help the City of Edmonton identify the key neighbourhoods with high potential for local business and the hotspot neighbourhoods that require particular support. Tailored strategies are proposed to effectively and efficiently improve food environments with limited resources.     

现代仪器分析技术在皮质文物保护中的应用

随着现代科学技术的不断发展,越来越多的仪器分析技术和方法被应用到皮质文物保护领域。分析检测是获取文物病害信息和评估保护效果的重要途径,可以为文物保护修复提供科学依据。文章介绍了表面分析、光谱分析和波谱分析、热分析以及联用技术等现代仪器分析方法和技术的特点和优势,以及它们在皮质文物保护中的应用情况。皮质文物本身蕴含着大量丰富的信息,对皮质文物开展系统全面分析研究,从宏观和微观等不同层面定性和定量研究环境因素对皮质文物物理、化学性质以及微观结构的影响。建立皮质文物检测结果数据库和皮质文物病害标准图库,以及构建皮质文物劣化和病害防治保护效果评价体系是未来研究的主要发展方向和趋势。     

Judicial Changes in Qing Beijing during the Shunzhi Period (1644–61)

The judicial system in Qing Beijing integrated both Ming and Manchu institutions. In the Ming judicial system, the first level of courts in Beijing included the Ministry of Justice and the Censorate, and on the second level was the Court of Judicial Review. During the Ming, however, this system became heavily disrupted by the intelligence security apparatuses, like the Eastern Depot. In the Manchu system, on the first level of courts was the banner company captains and on the second level was the Ministry of Justice. After 1644, the Ming’s institutional legacies and lessons remained so important to Manchu rulers that they eventually created an integrated legal system that primarily drew from the Ming system. This integration reflected the Qing dynasty’s endeavor to adopt Ming institutions. Prince Regent Dorgon insisted upon judicial separation on the first level of the courts—Censors of the Five Wards could not settle cases involving banner people, nor could the banner system handle cases involving civilians—while the Shunzhi emperor and his successors wanted judicial unity in Beijing and ordinary banner people and civilians to be adjudicated by the same courts.     

“Catching the Yellow Ghost”: A Case Study of Popular Religious Activities and Social Transformation in Rural North China

This article studies the relationship between local society and social change in rural north China from the late Qing dynasty to the People’s Republic of China period through the activity of “Zhuo huanggui” (literally, “Catching the Yellow Ghost”). “Catching the Yellow Ghost” is a ritual activity in Guyi village, Wu’an county, Hebei province. According to villagers there, “Catching the Yellow Ghost” has been celebrated since the late Qing dynasty. However, due to political pressures in the 1950s, it was not until the 1980s that “Catching the Yellow Ghost” began to be revitalized. Since that time, “Catching the Yellow Ghost” has gained rapid popularity and fame in north China. Through the lens of the “Catching the Yellow Ghost” ritual, this article explores social transformation in China from the late 19th to the early 21st century. By analyzing the continuity and discontinuity of “Catching the Yellow Ghost,” this article offers a new understanding of the relationship between local society and social change in rural north China.     

山地聚落历史人口的重建:以近三百年云南峨山沿河村为例

重建山地聚落人口变化的时空过程对认识历史时期人口发展有重要意义。本文以西南山地聚落沿河村为例,以田野调查资料为主,辅以历史文献和档案,利用估算户数和户均口数的方法重建了沿河村近三百年的人口变化过程。户数以某一时点占主导的世代可婚男子数作为代用指标进行折算;户均口数使用家庭结构模型,以流域内多个聚落人口的婚姻、生育和死亡数据推算出时段上的平均值,再通过1953年流域人口的年龄构成和多个聚落的户均子女和老人数得到平均值作为经验值,代入1920年之前户均口数的重建中,得到长时序的户均口数。重建结果通过对比检验,表明该方法能较好地重建历史时期山地聚落代际分辨率的人口序列。分析发现,该山地聚落人口变化具有大起大落和阶段性发展的特征,且大落的速度比大起的速度快。