考古工作与考古遗址博物馆展示传播的关系

考古工作为考古遗址博物馆提供藏品、展品和丰富的考古信息,而考古遗址博物馆是进行考古宣传与教育的重要阵地。在考古遗址博物馆中,为了更好地展示并传播考古信息,考古人应改变以往的工作方式,树立展示传播的意识,不是"窄播"意识,而是"广播"意识,并非只考虑将考古成果"窄播"给考古圈内的学者,也要"广播"给博物馆展览策划师、广大公众;而且考古人应该从田野考古、发掘报告、科学研究三个方面为考古遗址博物馆提供强有力的支撑。     

修志应重视口述资料的运用

第二轮修志面临资料缺失问题,而作为资料补充渠道之一的口述史,在地方志领域并没有得到足够的重视。第二轮修志应重视口述资料的运用,使其在志书资料补充收集中发挥更大的功用。口述资料能补充志书关键资料、微观资料、一手鲜活资料,以及印证文献资料。同时,使用口述史资料也面临一些问题,解决这些问题有七项举措:一是研究理论,加大理论指导力度;二是建立制度,提供规范化保障;三是指导工作,推动开展口述资料收集;四是实施项目,投入具体口述史实践;五是实现数字化,使口述资料得以妥善保存、信息共享;六是加强口述史人才队伍建设;七是扩大宣传,提高口述史知名度和在修志中的影响力。     

Political chess and vernacular discursive strategies: A study of the late Qing Sichuan Railway Protection Movement

ABSTRACT

Interdisciplinary literary and historical studies of late Qing vernacular are rare, and the vernacular texts of the Sichuan Railway Protection Movement have been overlooked by academics. This paper focuses on this topic, arguing that the discursive strategies in such texts revolved around the movement's aim of “breaking the agreement and protecting the railway,” and primarily included discourses on constitutionalism, financial interests, patriotism, cultural order, and the late emperor, as well the ideas of “ridding the emperor of evil ministers,” borrowed from traditional Chinese political discourses, and “national subjugation,” within the context of the national crisis. None of these discourses were “anti-Manchu” or “revolutionary,” yet they were able to mobilize the people of Sichuan to devote themselves to the Railway Protection Movement, as well as attracting the “sympathetic understanding” of high-ranking Sichuan officials, such as Wang Renwen 王人文 and Zhao Erfeng 赵尔丰, thus lending discursive power to the railway protection camp in its game of political chess with the Qing court. Meanwhile, the government's weak discursive power was an important factor in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty by the revolutionary tide triggered by the Sichuan Railway Protection Movement. The discursive strategies in vernacular texts on railway protection (including the particularly strategic discourse on the late emperor) spread, transformed, and were reborn to varying degrees over the course of history.     

纾困与破局:清末财政监理制度研究

清代钦派专官巡查外省营伍和吏治夙有其例。清末新政期间,为督责外省开展各项新政改革,清廷逐步将过去个案性巡查活动转变为监理督查外省的常规化操作,财政层面则派遣监理官驻扎各省,监理督责清理财政,这是清季制度变动中引人注目的范例。监理官在外省监理权限的确定比较曲折,其官秩方面虽有提升,但实际授权仍存在诸多缺陷。监理官群体克服外官抵触和旧制惰性,基本实现了督责各省外销财政核实上报、建立近代预算制度的目标。清末财政监理制度虽具显效,却为其制度本身缺陷所限制,不可能挽救清廷财政颓势,然其鉴戒意义不应忽视。     

Crowdsourcing Model Research for the Identification of Post-Earthquake Rescue Objects

The quick and accurate identification of post-earthquake rescue objects can minimize the casualties and property loss caused by earthquakes. With the rapid development of remote sensing technology, rescue objects can be identified through high-resolution remote sensing images. There are two main categories of approaches to identify rescue object through high-resolution images: automatic extraction by a computer and visual judgment by professionals. Although results can be obtained quickly by using automatic extraction, the accuracy of the results is unacceptably low. For visual judgment, the large demands for time and professionals restrict its wide practical application. In this study, we introduce crowdsourcing into the identification of post-earthquake rescue objects. First, we integrate the advantages of the computer and crowdsourcing, which means that the computer takes advantage of the speed of information processing, while crowdsourcing makes full use of human recognition capabilities. Second, we take visual judgment tasks out of the hands of professionals and entrust the tasks to workers in a crowdsourcing platform. Not only are the human resources infinite, but we can also improve the efficiency of identifying rescue objects. Third, we propose a crowdsourcing model that improves the quality of the results and saves human resources. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that our solution is feasible.     

对大型土遗址的植物病害研究——以西安阿房宫遗址为例

在植物对土遗址作用的研究中,鲜有就真实的遗址来展开调查,以及讨论植物给土遗址带来的负作用及其机理。为此,本研究选取西安地区大型土遗址秦阿房宫为研究对象,利用现场调查结合样带法、图像分析法并采集土样,开展对遗址区植物分布、根系产生的裂隙和土壤环境的研究。结果表明:造成土遗址病害现象的主要原因为植物根系作用,加之雨蚀、风化作用及人为破坏的叠加作用,使遗址保存面临严重威胁;其中酸枣、臭椿等萌生树种所产生的根劈裂隙及植物根系对土壤环境的影响十分明显。现存土遗址由植物以及风雨作用而引发的主要病害,其类型包含了边缘夯土的基础掏蚀、洞穴遗存、开裂坍塌、冲沟发育、表面剥蚀,这些是阿房宫遗址面临的主要威胁,也是半干旱地区土遗址存在的特有问题。研究结果既有助于揭示植被对土遗址的作用机理,又能为土遗址保护的植物选择提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

南诏大理国金属佛像制作工艺初探

为研究南诏大理国金属佛像的制作工艺,对部分金属佛像进行了科学分析,表明制作各种铜佛像时,主要使用失蜡铸造工艺,已使用多种金属元素作为材质,阿嵯耶观音像和其他铜像是以含砷的铜合金为特征,金质佛像的材质主要用金银合金,铸造小铜佛像则采用复杂的合金成分配比。根据铭文和绘画资料分析,这些金属佛像主要是大理本地的工匠制作。     

翁牛特旗大营子冶炼遗址研究

大营子冶炼遗址位于赤峰市翁牛特旗五分地镇大营子村南侧的大山的北坡上,包含东西两区冶炼遗存。东区冶炼遗存年代较早,至迟在公元前1 400年已开始冶炼活动。铅同位素、微量元素示踪研究显示大营子冶炼遗址东西两区均使用了来自林西县大井古铜矿的多金属共生矿石,直接冶炼铜砷锡三元青铜合金。大营子冶炼遗址东区冶炼遗存的年代测定,获得了迄今为止最早的夏家店上层文化年代测定结果,为探讨辽西地区青铜时代考古学文化的演变提供了新的科学证据。     

故宫藏乾隆朝漆纱隔心工艺探究

故宫乾隆花园符望阁一层明间南向宝座的栏杆罩镶嵌着一组精美绝伦貌如金纱窗的漆纱隔心。类似的隔扇装修不仅在故宫,甚至全国范围内也是独一无二的。符望阁保护修复过程中,发现漆纱隔心存在损毁严重、工艺失传、复制难度大等问题。为对该组漆纱进行研究,运用剖面显微分析、扫描电镜与能谱仪分析、显微红外光谱及多种色谱-质谱联用等实验室科技手段,明确了漆纱由内而外"织物纱芯-双面贴纸样-双面上漆贴金-双面纸样上施绘"四层基本结构关系,以及单侧14个亚层所用的无机、有机材料,为漆纱的保护和复制提供了科学依据。     

秦兵马俑和汉阳陵遗址保存环境之比较

为了探索一种适宜的遗址文物保存方式,在四季分明,气候变化较为剧烈的西北地区的文物遗址环境区,达到最大程度保护遗址文物的目的,通过对开放式的秦始皇兵马俑博物馆一号坑遗址环境的建筑结构、温度和相对湿度变化及大气颗粒物进行分析监测,并与封闭式汉阳陵博物馆外葬坑的结果进行对比研究,发现单从环境温湿度恒定、阻挡室外颗粒污染物和气态污染物的角度来讲,封闭式的汉阳陵博物馆存在明显的优势。但依然不能阻止温湿度的季节间波动和室外空气污染物渗入的威胁,同时还要预防室内污染的发生,并且出现玻璃护围内部结露,文物大面积返碱等问题,并不能很好解决文物良好保存和观展目的。所以依旧需要探索一种适宜的遗址文物保存方式,既能保持文物保存环境的温湿度的相对稳定和洁净,又能缓解全封闭玻璃护围内部结露,文物大面积返碱等问题,最大程度延长遗址文物的寿命的同时,满足观众参观的需求。本对比研究结果可为今后的设计提供参考。