浅析赫勒敦史学研究中的唯物论思想因素——兼及伊斯兰文化对西欧文化的影响

在宗教世界观流行的中世纪穆斯林社会,史学研究不可避免地以历史唯心主义理论为主流。但西方伊斯兰社会出现的史学大师伊本.赫勒敦在自己的史学理论中,却较为深入广泛地体现出历史唯物论思想。这种唯物论思想在论述民族的兴衰、人民的经济活动及其与国家的关系、国家和王权产生的物质要素等各方面均有体现。他的这些唯物论思想对近代西欧的相关理论产生了不可忽视的影响。     

中国马克思主义史家论文史关系

中国马克思主义史家李大钊、郭沫若、翦伯赞、范文澜和白寿彝等从不同角度和层面对文史关系问题作了现代解答,将其内涵拓展到四个方面,即:史学与文学的学科性质及其关系、史学与文学认识(思维)形式的异同及相互关系、文史撰述的异同、史家文学性的才能和文学作品的史料价值。这些马克思主义史家的理论探讨为中国现代史学领域文史关系的发展做出了重要的理论贡献。     

从砍斫器到石斧：再修锐技术的演进

狩猎采集群的重要压力在于石料的采办。当石制品系统中一个部分的变化抬高采办成本并超过可接受限制时,系统中就必然出现其它方面的补偿性变化。在本文中,系统的两个最易变的部分包括：（1）被处理原料的数量;（2）由再修锐技术决定的工具使用寿命。主要由于随时间增加的切割需求,也因为木器、狩猎和筑房技术的进步,再修锐方式从硬锤打击,转向软锤打击、石片再修锐、压制法再修锐,最终转向刃缘磨光。该模式指出,     

美索不达米亚早期食物生产的生态学——史前农人与牧人开发一系列位置相邻却差异显著的气候区

大美索不达米亚,在这里广泛地定义为阿拉伯河（Shattal—Arab）各支流汇人的整个地区,长期以来它是公众兴趣和学术研究的舞台。近年来,关注点转向这样一个事实,即它是世界上少数几个农业与动物饲养独立出现的地区之一。虽然已有许多近东粮食生产起源方式出色的文化历史学复原,但是大多数并未直接解决感兴趣的非专业人士最常提出的一些生态学问题。本文研究其中的某些问题。     

China and the United States in Africa: Coming conflict or commercial coexistence?

China and the US are two key players in the recent round of ‘scrambling’ for Africa. They compete for control over oil and other strategic resources, for markets, and for political influence. Their competition has alarmed many. This study tests the alarmist interpretations by identifying what the US and China are actually doing and to how they perceive each other's activities. Their ambitions are often considered in isolation. When laid out side by side, the extent to which their activities in Africa may overlap or clash can be seen more clearly. China and the US are seeking different things at different places in the continent and are careful not to upset one another. Their activities do not support the dire prediction. The ‘scramble for Africa’ may irritate; it is unlikely to cause direct confrontations because competition remains by and large economic and economic competition in an integrated global economy creates networks of constraints that ameliorate potential confrontation.     

Modernization And Adjustment： Case Study Of Kham Village

When talking about Tibetans, people naturally think about Tibet （Tibet Autonomous Region, which will be referred to as TAR in the following text）, but seldom realize that the Tibetan region extends far past the borders of Tibet. Based on Tibetan historical and cui tural differences, the Tibetan region of China can be divided into three major sections： Kham （khams）, Amdo and Weizang（dbus-gtsang）. Nowadays, as a result of administrative divisions, the Tibetan region belongs to different administrative areas in five provinces. Weizang includes most of today＇s Tibet Autono- mous region. Kham and Amdo are both historical conceptions, Kham lying to the east of Weizang and Amdo to the northwest. Kham and Amdo are divided into different administrative areas. Kham includes today＇s Chamdo Autonomous Prefecture （TAR）, Ganzi Autonomous Prefecture and part of Aba Autonomous prefecture （Ganzi and Aba both belong to Sichuan Province）,     

自行车普及与近代上海社会

Taking the popularization of bicycles in modern Shanghai as an example, this article discussed the interrelationship between the development of instruments and the users by analyzing the expansion of city space, formation of the city time rhythm, changes in consumption mode of different social classes, and the competition of various transportation tools, etc. The influences on the transformation of social life in Shanghai and other cities of China were also revealed. __________ Translated by Zhou Weiwei from Shilin 史林 (Historical Review), 2007, (1): 103–113     

再读跨湖桥

在《跨湖桥》考古报告的基础上,本文运用浮选、孢粉和非孢粉微化石、PIXE技术和拉曼光谱等多种分析手段,对跨湖桥遗址的人工制品和生态物进行了分析,复原了当时人类的居住环境及变迁、古食谱和制陶技术,从文化生态的角度探讨了先民的生存方式。文章认为,8000年前跨湖桥的富裕环境很可能促使复杂采集狩猎经济的发展,并出现比较复杂的社会结构,而水稻栽培和猪的驯养很可能与这类社会常见的仪式和宴享活动有关。     

孙叔敖故里封地考述——兼论《楚相孙叔敖碑》的真伪与文本时代

孙叔敖作为楚庄王时期的令尹,王室世族显贵,不可能是期思县内的平民百姓,《荀子》等称其为期思之人,当与其先辈的封地食邑在期思一带有关。孙叔敖后人受封之寝丘,在淮河以北的今安徽省临泉县一带,早期文献有明确的记载。唐宋以来,许多文献不辨南北朝时期固始县的沿革变化和治所迁移,将古寝丘定于后来的固始县(即今河南固始县)境内,不足为信。传世《楚相孙叔敖碑》,内容存在明显的矛盾和混淆,并非东汉时期的原作,应是南北朝后期至隋唐期间的续刻或拟托,不能作为古寝丘在今河南固始县一带的论据。     

汉代非单棺墓葬的考古学意义观察——以中小型墓葬为观察对象

汉代的非单棺墓,即同穴多人葬,包括有亲缘关系的合葬墓和非亲缘关系的主仆同葬墓。本文所论非单棺墓,为有亲缘关系的合葬墓。这类墓葬的考古年代学类型有同时合葬和异时合葬两种形式。同时合葬因迁葬或同时丧亡而形成,异时合葬则由于先后丧亡因而先后入葬形成。异时而葬的合葬墓,墓主葬入的时间虽有绝对的先后,但因考古学研究方法的特性,对先后葬入的随葬品的考古年代学分期,会有同一时间段或不同时间段两种结论。对于非单棺墓葬的研究,我们首先要重视资料报道的准确件,其次要以对单棺墓葬的分析作为研究的前提,此外要注意辨析同一墓葬内和不同墓葬间不同器物群组之间的关系。