俄罗斯的华人移民——社会问卷调查研究

通过对俄国新、老华人移民的大规模问卷调查,旨在全面认识和了解俄国的华人移民状况及他们对所面临问题的看法。调查主要涉及的内容有移民经历、生活水平、职业和群体的力量、与俄罗斯社会的相互关系、关于俄罗斯的总体印象及未来计划等。     

明清古建筑木结构典型抗震构造问题研究

为保护古建筑,采用分类统计方法,研究了我国明清古建筑木结构的典型抗震构造问题。基于大量工程现场勘查结果,对古建筑木结构的典型抗震构造问题进行了归纳汇总,分析了原因,提出了加固建议;基于典型算例,对古建筑木结构加固方法进行了深入论证。结果表明:我国古建筑木结构的柱子、斗棋、榫卯节点、梁架、屋顶等各部位都容易产生开裂、糟朽、变形、拔榫等抗震构造问题并影响结构的抗震性能,而这些问题的产生原因主要与木结构的构造特征、木材材料性质及施工保养等因素有关;对这些抗震构造问题及时采取合理有效的加固措施,可减轻或避免结构产生的震害。     

马口铁加固古建筑榫卯节点抗震试验

为保护古建筑,采用试验方法,研究了马口铁加固古建筑榫卯节点后对节点抗震性能的影响.基于故宫太和殿三次间结构原型,制作了1:8缩尺比例的木结构空间框架模型,并考虑梁柱连接为燕尾榫形式,进行了低周反复加载试验,其中未加固构架和马口铁加固构架试验各做了3组.基于试验相关数据,获得了节点的弯矩-转角滞回曲线和骨架曲线,并对比分析了节点加固前后的耗能能力,刚度退化和延性等抗震指标.结果表明:马口铁加固榫卯节点后,虽然节点耗能能力略有下降,但节点拔榫量减小,抗弯承载力提高,刚度退化不明显,且节点仍具有较好的变形能力.因此,马口铁具有较好的加固效果.     

汉阳陵地下博物馆遗址表面白色物质分析研究

土遗址表面泛白与保存环境湿度有很大关系,在干燥的环境中保存的土遗址常发生表面泛白现象.汉阳陵外藏坑展示厅是我国首个全封闭式的地下展厅,展厅内13号遗址坑内湿度(RH)常年100%,在这样高湿的环境中遗址表面仍然泛白严重.为了说明汉阳陵土遗址表面泛白原因及白色物质来源,本工作利用XRF、FT-IR、XRD和离子色谱对13号坑遗址表面白色样品元素组成、离子和物象组成进行了分析.结果表明,白色物质主要成分为石膏(CaSO4·2H2O),根据白色物质离子色谱的分析结果推测泛白原因可能为土壤可溶盐的迁移富集的产物.     

中国境外经贸合作区的文化适应性研究——以中埃·泰达苏伊士经贸合作区为例

不同国家在政治体制、经济发展水平、社会文化习俗等方面存在巨大差异,使得中国境外经贸合作区嵌入东道国时产生了制度和文化方面的冲突,出现“水土不服”的窘境,因此境外经贸合作区如何克服文化差异以更好地融入东道国成为研究的科学问题。本文以中埃·泰达苏伊士经贸合作区为例,基于文化尊重、融合和创新等原则,从物质文化、行为文化、制度文化和精神文化四方面探讨合作区的文化适应性。研究发现：①合作区的文化适应性不能一概而论,需要先识别文化类型,再明确各类文化的属性与特征,最后选择恰当的文化适应路径。合作区在物质文化、行为文化、制度文化和精神文化方面的有效适应,可以凝聚成推动其嵌入东道国“土壤”的文化合力,为合作区可持续、高质量发展提供动力。②中埃·泰达苏伊士经贸合作区遵循求同尊异、创新融合的理念,在文化适应性方面取得良好的效果,但也存在属地化管理困难、制度文化有待优化等问题。     

唐韩休墓壁画考古现场科学调查研究

为了对考古现场墓葬壁画的后续研究、保护提供数据支撑,本研究对壁画进行全面科学记录和快速无损分析检测。联合多种科学手段,利用各种便携记录、分析检测设备,先后两次(2014年、2015年)在考古现场对韩休墓壁画进行了全面的影像信息提取、颜色记录、材质无损快速分析、病害记录和分析。调查结果表明,壁画存在改绘、早绘情况,局部地方有紫外荧光,如黄色、蓝色颜料部分。制作工艺为唐墓壁画标准制作方法,绘画所用材料主要为矿物颜料绘画时存在植物色和矿物色混色、颜料叠加使用情况。墓室壁画整体保存较好,但局部出现了空鼓、霉变等病害,需及时处理。该项工作是国内首例在考古现场对墓葬壁画开展的全面科学记录,为壁画后续研究、保护提供数据支撑,为同类工作的开展提供了参考实例和探索方向。     

传统铁箍墩接法加固底部糟朽木柱轴压试验

铁箍墩接是古建木柱柱根糟朽的一种传统加固方法。为探讨该方法的有效性,以故宫内某古建木柱为例,进行了试验研究。制作了1根完好木柱、3根铁箍墩接法加固木柱,开展了轴压试验,获得了木柱加固前后的承载力-变形曲线,以及延性、应变、刚度等参数,讨论了铁箍墩接法的加固机理。结果表明:传统铁箍法加固底部糟朽木柱后,由于铁箍对木柱的侧向约束作用,木柱的极限承载力可恢复约91.8%,延性性能可恢复约95.2%,水平极限应变恢复率约97.2%,竖向极限应变恢复率约84.1%,且加固木柱的刚度要大于完好木柱。由于铁箍材料与木材强度差别较大,使得加固后木柱的整体性能要低于完好木柱,因而加固效果有限。结果可为古建筑木结构的保护与维修提供理论参考。     

THE EFFECTS OF CORROSION AND CONSERVATION TREATMENTS ON NON‐DESTRUCTIVE NEUTRON DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL COPPER ALLOYS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS*

Analysis of residual stress in archaeological copper alloy artefacts by neutron diffraction has considerable potential for the investigation of early fabrication processes. However, residual stresses in metals are known to relax due to conditions similar to those encountered during burial, corrosion and conservation. In this pilot study, we investigate the effects of corrosion and conservation on a small group of replica copper ingots. Although corrosion and light cleaning do indeed cause some relaxation of stresses in the metal, corrosion having the most significant effect, the basic patterns and major features of the stress profiles may still be seen.     

Rariellidae,a new family of Rhynchoporoidea (Brachiopoda) with a restudy of the type genus Rariella Zhang 1981, from the Emsian (Early Devonian) of Inner Mongolia,north China

Rong Jla-yu & Zhang Yan. 1994:03:28. Rariellidae, a new family of Rhynchoporoidea (Brachiopoda) with a restudy of the type genus Rariella Zhang 1981. from the Emsian (Early Devonian) of Inner Mongolia, north China. Alcheringa 18. 135–146. ISSN 0311-5518

Reinvestigation of the type material of Rariella Zhang 1981, from the late Emsian (Early Devonian) of western Inner Mongolia, north China, shows that it should be attributed to the rhynchoporoids rather than the retziids since it possesses a punctate shell without laterally directed spiralia and lacks evidence for the brachiophore supports being in the fonn of a loop, as in the terebratuloids. A new family Rariellidae based on Rariella as the type genus is characterized by a spondylium apically in the pedicle wlve and a cardinal process on a septalium in the brachial valve. The fauna containing Rariella is mainly endemic to Inner Mongolia and developed at depths within Benthic Assemblage 2 to inner BA 3.     

AN ANALYSIS OF THE GEM‐BLUE GLAZE OF YE WANG'S KOJI POTTERY*

Koji pottery is a glazed ceramic art used widely for figurines. In early Taiwan, it was employed in temple construction for decorative purposes. Ye Wang (1826–87) is the first historically documented Koji artist of Taiwan and also the most prominent Koji pottery artist, noted for his modelling and glazing skills. Unfortunately, his unique technique was lost following his death in 1887. In order to provide vital information for ongoing conservation work on Koji pottery, this study analysed the physical and chemical characteristics of Ye Wang's gem‐blue glaze, to discover the glaze formula. DSC combined with the two‐thirds rule revealed that the firing temperature of Ye Wang's works of art was most probably around 878–923°C. EPMA revealed that the gem‐blue glaze has high alkali levels, and belongs to the PbO–K₂O–B₂O₃–Na₂O–SiO₂ system, deriving its unique colour from copper, iron, manganese and cobalt. This study found high potassium levels in the gem‐blue glaze, which are generally a characteristic of traditional Chinese glazes. In addition, a unique discovery of boron, commonly used in famille rose, was also identified in the glaze. By comparing spectra of historical and reconstructed glazes and adjusting the proportion of chromophoric elements, this study found a glazing formula with colours close to those of Ye Wang's gem‐blue glaze.