清末地方学务诉讼及其解决方式——以清末四川地方捐施诉讼为个案的探讨

在四川各地档案馆保存的大量晚清地方学务档案中,众多反映因捐施而引起纠纷的案例,向我们展示了乡村权力日常运作的真实图景。基层学绅在学事诉讼纠纷中扮演的角色,劝学所视学在学事纠纷裁判中的作用,地方官审断学事诉讼纠纷的取向,展示了士绅在参与政府现代化方案的过程中,自身的权力也得到伸张。他们通过参与地方学务与国家权力之间建立了更加密切的联系。这不仅对传统国家与地方关系,而且对地方社会权力构造的变化产生了十分深远的影响。     

关于《钱塘记》的几个问题

刘真道,南朝宋钱塘令,著有《钱塘记》一卷.此书记录了古代杭州地区的山川地理、掌故传说等内容,是杭州地区年代较早的具地方志性质的文献,具有较高的史料价值.《钱塘记》原书早已亡佚.     

建立党内罢免撤换制的意义及其改进

中国共产党在社会主义建设的执政过程中,由于种种客观的和主观的原因,党的队伍里必然会出现一些不称职的干部。我们党建立起了党内罢免撤换制度,是中国共产党实行党内民主、推进党的制度建设的一个重大步骤,也是一个重大的创新和突破,具有十分深远的意义。建立党内罢免撤换制度并要真正起到发展党内民主的作用,就要注重调动全体党员的积极性,使全体党员都能够参与这项制度活动。比照这样的要求,文章对现行《党内监督条例》相关规定存在的某些缺陷进行了分析。     

清末台湾的防军

台湾始有防军驻防的时间是在同治五年(1866),此后防军的重要性逐渐超越绿营,成为清末戍台的主力。这些驻台的防军,可以区分为楚军、淮军、福建绿营练军、广东绿营练军、贵州绿营练军、台湾绿营练军。他们当中以淮军最为重要,因为在光绪十一年(1885)台湾建省以后,该部被赋予防卫台湾的重责。防军的驻防,也改变了台湾既有的军队组织。受到影响者包括:台湾绿营、番屯、团练。他们纷纷仿照防军的营制,学习使用洋式武器,甚至领取远比本俸还高的军饷。至于戍台防军,所参与的战争有对内、对外两种。前者的代表性战役是平定光绪十四年(1888)彰化施九缎事件、十三场的原住民战争,以及追捕土匪。后者是在同治十三年(1874)牡丹社事件、光绪十至十一年(1884—1885)中法战争、光绪二十年(1894)甲午战争中,抵抗日本与法国的入侵。光绪二十一年(1895)台湾的官绅为抗拒《马关条约》割让台湾给日本,遂成立台湾民主国,部分防军加入这场战斗,成为他们戍台的最后一役。     

试论民国时期英国对中国西藏的武器供应

民国时期,英国以赠送、出售方式向中国西藏提供了大批武器,对于英国控制西藏,攫取更多权益,将西藏纳入其缓冲地带战略轨道发挥了重要作用。英国对藏武器供应成为撬动英国与中国西藏之间关系的重要杠杆。本文利用英国印度事务部档案及其他史料,对这一时期英国向中国西藏武器供应的时间、种类和数量做了澄清,并论述了其性质。     

明清时期苏州文人与教育市场

明清时期,苏州的一些文人出于各种原因参与教育市场,并多根据自身的特点、条件从事治生活动,主要集中在授徒、就职于书院、卖文、刻书和撰稿等几个领域,其中一部分官员在去职后,也加入了治生队伍的行列.一部分文人获利不菲,亦有许多文人仅能维持生计.文人治生呈现出多样化的特点,这与当时的环境、思想观念的变化是密不可分的.     

Transport corridors and their wider economic benefits: A quantitative review of the literature

Transport corridors can generate both wider economic benefits (WEBs) and costs through their effects on diverse development outcomes. To advance understanding of how corridors could generate WEBs, this paper undertakes a quantitative review and meta-analysis of the literature that estimates the impacts of large transport infrastructure projects. The analysis finds that characteristics of individual studies and the design of the transport infrastructure influence estimated benefits. It also shows that, on average, while corridor interventions tend to benefit economic welfare and equity, they often detrimentally impact the environment. To mitigate trade-offs, policymakers can consider using complementary interventions.     

陈作霖修志实践对当下镇村志编纂的启发

清末民初南京著名史志学家陈作霖,一生致力于搜集乡邦文献,有《金陵通传》《金陵通纪》《金陵琐志五种》等著作传世。其连贯、完整、丰富的资料积累,不仅对清末民初的志书编纂裨益甚大,贡献良多,更为后来的地方史研究提供了丰富的资料来源,影响深远。《运渎桥道小志》《凤麓小志》等金陵诸种小志,根据地域特色、人文的不同,篇幅、体例等各有不同;以世传记人物的方式,不局限于生卒年排序的罗列方式,还考虑到了社会基层的世族传承、家族特色。当下江苏乃至全国正在编纂名镇名村志,可以借鉴陈作霖的修志实践,巧用匠心,创新发展。除了“惟要于可信”,还要注意地域特色的把握,不能千志一面,没了风格和灵性。尤其是名镇名村志中人物传的编写,应敢于打破常规,以还原真实的生活、生产场景为目的,这样才能真正做到记得住乡思、留得下乡愁、听得见乡音、传承下乡俗。     

Evaluation of a Spatial Relationship by the Concept of Intrinsic Spatial Distance

We propose the concept of intrinsic spatial distance (ISD) for the study of a spatial relationship between any two points in space. ISD is a distance measure that takes into account the separation of two points with respect to their physical and attribute closeness. We construct an algorithm to implement this concept as an ISD measurement. Based on the ISD concept, two points in space are related through a transitional path linking one to the other. As an ISD measurement decreases, the spatial relationship between two points becomes increasingly stronger. We argue theoretically and demonstrate empirically that the ISD concept is not predisposed in favor of the first law of geography, but directly considers variance of nearness in physical distance and attribute distance to derive the extent to which two points are spatially associated. Specifically, in single attribute cases, the information uncovered by an ISD measurement is more elaborate than that revealed by Moran's I, local Moran's I, and a semivariogram, giving a meticulous account of relatedness in both local and global contexts. The ISD concept is also sufficiently general to be used to study multiple attributes of relationships. Proponemos el concepto de distancia espacial intrínseca (intrinsic spatial distance ‐ISD) para el estudio de la relación espacial entre dos puntos en el espacio. La ISD es una medición de distancia que tiene en cuenta la separación de dos puntos con respecto a su cercanía física y de atributo. Construimos un algoritmo para aplicar este concepto y crear una medición ISD. De acuerdo con en el concepto ISD, dos puntos en el espacio están relacionadas a través de un camino de transición que los vincula uno al otro. A medida que la medición ISD disminuye, la relación espacial entre dos puntos se refuerza. Argumentamos teóricamente y demostramos empíricamente que el concepto ISD no está predispuesto a favor de la primera ley de la geografía (de Tobler), pero considera directamente la varianza de la cercanía de la distancia física y la distancia del valor del atributo para derivar una medición que cuantifica el grado en el que dos puntos están asociados espacialmente. En concreto, en los casos de atributos individuales, la información revelada por una medición ISD es más sofisticada que la que proporcionada por el índice de Moran, el índice de Moran local, y el semivariograma, pues da cuanta minuciosa de la relación espacial y de atributo en contextos locales y globales. El concepto de ISD también es lo suficientemente general para ser usado en el estudio de relaciones entre múltiples atributos. 本文提出了内蕴空间距离(ISD)来研究空间中任意两点之间的空间关系。ISD是考虑空间上分离的两点各自物理和属性接近度的一种距离度量。通过构造一个算法将该概念转变为ISD可度量方式。基于ISD概念,空间上的两点通过连接两者迁移路径相关联。当ISD度量减小时,两点之间空间关系变得越来越强。理论论证和实例演示表明ISD概念并不倾向于符合地理学第一定律,但直接考虑两点间物理距离和属性距离临近性的变化可以推导两点在空间上的联系程度。特别是在单一属性案例中,相比于Moran’s I,局部Moran’s I和半方差图,ISD度量揭示了全局与局部环境中详尽的空间相关信息。同时,ISD概念在研究多属性的空间关系中也是足够通用的。     

Ordovician series and stages in Chinese stratigraphy: steps toward a global usage

The first Chinese Ordovician series was erected by Lee & Chao (1924). Since then, many regional Ordovician series and stage names have been established and mostly published in Chinese. The present study is a review of these regional units with a discussion of their definitions and correlation to the international standard. Among them, the Ichang series, Neichiashan series, Chientangkiang series, Yushanian stage and Dawanian Stage are most important; all regarded as regional stage divisions in China. The Lower, Middle and Upper Ordovician Series with their new definitions (Webby 1998) are now accepted in China. The global stage names, which have been approved (Tremadocian and Darriwilian), and “Caradocian” and “Ashgillian”, which are potentially to be part of the global standard, should be formally used in China. The Darriwilian Stage is defined in a global stratotype section near Huangnitang, Changshan, SE China. Only two regional stage names, the Yushanian and Dawanian, still remain since the international correlation of these two units has not yet been resolved. The main type Ordovician successions of China are identified, revised and regional correlations briefly outlined.