从清政府的满语保护政策及效果看少数民族语言保护问题

清代是以满洲贵族为主建立起来的一个王朝,作为一个少数民族政权,为了防止在广大的汉族地区丧失民族特性,他们对其民族语言——满语,采取了语言保护政策:民族交往限制、强化满语国语地位(诸如:官员选拔、司法、公文、教育中的强制使用),但都没有改变满语消亡的历史命运。从这个历史事件中,笔者试图通过对民族语言工具性文化地位的考察,来重新考量国际上当前流行的民族语言保护问题,希望对当今的文化政策有所借鉴。     

蒙古族萨满教信仰的发展与变化

蒙古族的原始宗教信仰是萨满教。在蒙古社会的早期,萨满教起过极其重要的作用。尤其是在蒙古帝国建立时期,曾为成吉思汗的权力奠定了“神权基础“。因此,萨满教在蒙古统治者中也备受礼遇,成为蒙古帝国的“国教“,而受到蒙古族民众的普遍信仰。萨满教在蒙古,经历了数百年的形成、发展过程,到佛教传入以后,才开始逐渐衰落以至接近消亡。     

老巴州

老巴州是一匹马,一匹枣红色的骟马。我知道的时候它是我父亲车上的辕马。辕马驾在辕里既要承担车前部的重量,又要担任舵手,还要给前面搭梢子的牲口助力拉车。可见这是一个重要的岗位。因此,车户在他驾驭的三四匹牲口里最看重辕马,经常给它喂偏食,车鞭也很少落在它身上。     

"中国"与"天下"的重合——古代中国疆域形成的历史轨迹

“The Central Kingdom” is pregnant of political implications as well as of geographical and cultural significance. It was believed that whoever controlled Zhongguo (the Central Kingdom or China) would be the legitimate ruler over Tianxia (the realm under heaven or all under heaven). It was the contention for “the Central Kingdom” among the varieties of dynasties, notably those established by the Han-Chinese and the various ethnic groups in the northern borderland, that lead to the alternation of disintegration and unification of the territory. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that the unified “Central Kingdom” composed of a variety of ethnic groups turned into the ideal “realm under heaven” with “the Central Kingdom” at its core, which naturally put an end to the formation of territory in ancient China. Translated by Chen Dan from Zhongguo Bianjiang Shidi Yanjiu 中国边疆史地研究 (China’s Borderland History and Geography Studies), 2007, (3): 1–15     

识瓷五笺

本文分窑与窑系、官窑诠释、纹饰、器名杂识、残瓷琐语、科技之光照耀下的古瓷五个部分,论述、探讨、解决了古陶瓷研究方面存在的诸多问题,同时,阐述了研究的方法论,对将来进一步推进古陶瓷研究具有重要的参考价值和指导意义。     

徐乾学《明史列传》辨伪

<明史列传>,抄本,93卷,题清徐乾学撰,现藏台湾省中央图书馆.1970年该书作为稀见明代史籍被影印收入屈万里主编的<明代史籍汇刊>中出版,后于1985年再版.     

西汉合浦郡之朱卢县考

汉元帝初元三年罢珠崖郡后,海南岛之归属和建置情况如何?学术界对此长期争论不休。明代,海南王佐认为自汉元帝罢珠崖郡后,海南岛成为中原王朝的域外之地,直至南朝梁武帝大同中因海南儋耳归附于洗夫人才内属。唐胄则认为汉元帝罢珠崖郡后,仅八十六年本岛就又内属。当代,谭其骧先生的观点与王佐大致相同。杨武泉先生则认为从西汉晚期至萧齐,大陆王朝一直在岛上设置县级地方政权。本文虽赞同杨先生的观点,但所用资料和研究方法与之不同,而且只探考西汉朱卢县。认为只需要弄清朱卢县的位置,就可以彻底解决这一历史悬案。现依据许多学术界未曾提及的重要古籍资料和西汉"朱廬執刲"银印所蕴涵的重要信息,采用考据学研究方法,从五个方面来进行考察,所得结论是:西汉合浦郡的朱卢县应当在海南岛。     

南宋临安节日活动的时空结构研究

在城市地理学研究中,由于缺乏有关历史城市物理空间的基础性研究工作及受研究资料所限等原因,关于历史时期的城市居民生活空间方面的研究较少开展。本文选择南宋时期的临安作为城市空间研究对象,在全面梳理相关历史文献记载的基础上,尝试结合目前应用最广泛的功能分区法和时间地理学两种方法,对南宋临安节日活动空间进行剖析,揭示其城市节日活动的时空间结构特征。同时,文章还探讨了城市社会空间的形成机制,提出物理空间奠定了临安节日活动空间的基本格局、都城地位是临安节日活动空间形成的控制因素、城市经济主导了临安节日活动的空间分异过程等结论。     

《巩昌分属图说》初探

《巩昌分属图说》是一套彩绘的中国传统山水画式舆图及图说,为研究明代西北边防的重要图籍。笔者主要结合历史文献,从历史地理角度对舆图绘制的时间、背景、内容作了梳理和考证。     

Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China

Recent zooarchaeological studies on water buffalo (Bubalus sp.) remains from China and south Asia question the traditional view that water buffalo were first domesticated in Neolithic China over 7000 years ago. The results from several recent population genetic studies of modern domesticated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are not consistent with each other, placing the original center of buffalo's domestication in south Asia, southeast Asia, or China. This paper reports a study using an ancient DNA approach to analyze water buffalo remains from Neolithic sites in north China to investigate their affinities with modern domesticated water buffalo, and to shed light on the origin of modern domesticated water buffalo in China.A 169 bp fragment of D-loop mitochondrial DNA was successfully amplified and verified for 13 of 24 bone samples obtained from seven archaeological sites along the Wei River valley in Shaanxi Province, China. The bone samples which yielded positive DNA can be dated to 8000–3600 cal. BP. The phylogenetic analysis of the obtained DNA sequences along with modern water buffalo sequences indicated that the ancient water buffalos were not the direct ancestor of modern domesticated water buffalo. However, the phylogenetic analysis, along with BLAST searches of these ancient DNA sequences, did demonstrate their relatedness to water buffalo more so than to any other bovid species, confirming the existence of indigenous wild (but now extinct) water buffalo species (B. mephistopheles) in ancient China.The DNA analysis of these ancient remains failed to establish direct links between modern domesticated water buffalo (B. bubalis) and indigenous water buffalo (B. mephistopheles) from ancient China. If further DNA studies of more ancient remains from other regions of China confirm the observation of solely indigenous water buffalo species in ancient China, it would suggest modern water buffalo might not have been first domesticated in China.