人类学如何研究道路?——道路研究的回顾与反思

道路作为基础设施的物质存在之所以受到越来越多的重视,就在于往返于道路之上的人与物以及由此衍生而出的文化,与道路共同构成了我们的生活世界,任何人显然都没有办法将自己与道路完全割裂开来。通过梳理既有的道路研究可以发现,道路并非只是一项纯粹的基础设施,人类学家更愿意将其放入到整个社会之中,借以考察道路背后的政治隐喻、权力技术、空间实践以及文化表达。回顾和反思既有的道路研究,有利于我们更好地认识道路以及与道路相关的政治经济学。     

官办商报：清末督抚控制舆论策略研究

清末两江总督端方、上海道台蔡乃煌利用官款大规模收购民营报纸,将《申报》《中外日报》《舆论时事报》等据为官有,借以控制舆论,这些报纸被称为“官办商报”。作为一种运作舆论的手段,官办商报在抵制革命党的宣传等方面起到一定效果;但官办商报经常卷入内部政争,受到各种政治势力的干预,同时也刺激了报人借报勒索的行为,端方等始作俑者反受其害。官办商报与其他民营报刊的矛盾日益深化,最终在御史和谘议局的反对下废止。光宣之际官办商报的推行一度强化了清朝官方对上海报界的控制,却无力改变报刊舆论的整体环境,最终也无法阻止各报的激进宣传。     

The Overseeing Mother: Revisiting the Frontal-Pose Lady in the Wu Family Shrines in Second-Century China

Located in present-day Jiaxiang in Shandong province, the Wu family shrines built during the second century in the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220) were among the best-known works in Chinese art history. Although for centuries scholars have exhaustively studied the pictorial programs, the frontal-pose female image situated on the second floor of the central pavilion carved at the rear wall of the shrines has remained a question. Beginning with the woman's eyes, this article demonstrates that the image is more than a generic portrait (“hard motif”), but rather represents “feminine overseeing from above” (“soft motif”). This synthetic motif combines three different earlier motifs – the frontal-pose hostess enjoying entertainment, the elevated spectator, and the Queen Mother of the West. By creatively fusing the three motifs into one unity, the Jiaxiang artists lent to the frontal-pose lady a unique power: she not only dominated the center of the composition, but also, like a divine being, commanded a unified view of the surroundings on the lofty building, hence echoing the political reality of the empress mother's “overseeing the court” in the second century during Eastern Han dynasty.     

Microblade technology and the rise of serial specialists in north-central China

Though present before the Last Glacial Maximum, microblade technology is uncommon in the lithic assemblages of north-central China until the onset of the Younger Dryas (12,900–11,600 calBP). While it is clear that microblades here and elsewhere were connected with mobile adaptations organized around hunting, the attendant assumption that they served primarily in hunting weaponry is not. The archaeological record of north-central China, including excavations at Pigeon Mountain (QG3) and Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG 12) in Ningxia Autonomous Region, and Dadiwan in Gansu Providence, and a handful of bone/antler tools slotted for microblade inserts, indicate a more direct linkage to mobility. These data suggest the rise of microblade technology in Younger Dryas north-central China was mainly the result of microblades used as insets in composite knives needed for production of sophisticated cold weather clothing needed for a winter mobile hunting adaptation akin to the residentially mobile pattern Binford termed “serial specialist.” Limited time and opportunities compressed this production into a very narrow seasonal window, putting a premium on highly streamlined routines to which microblade technology was especially well-suited.     

Early Carboniferous brachiopod faunas from the Baoshan block,west Yunnan,southwest China

38 brachiopod species in 27 genera and subgenera are described from the Yudong Formation in the Shidian-Baoshan area, west Yunnan, southwest China. New taxa include two new subgenera: Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) and Brachythyrina (Longathyrina), and seven new species: Eomarginifera yunnanensis, Marginatia cylindrica, Unispirifer (Unispirifer) xiangshanensis, Unispirifer (Septimispirifer) wafangjieensis, Brachythyrina (Brachythyrina) transversa, Brachythyrina (Longathyrina) baoshanensis, and Girtyella wafangjieensis. Based on the described material and constraints from associated coral and conodont faunas, the age of the brachiopod fauna from the Yudon Formation is considered late Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous), with a possibility extending into earlyViséan.     

浅谈仿真软件在部队院校电工电子教学中的应用

本文针对部队院校学员的实际情况,提出了一种利用仿真软件的优势,调动学员学习兴趣,促使部队学员电工电子知识系统的融合。使掌握的知识由理论向实际转变,从而满足当前对军人高素质的需求。     

黑水城出土西夏文卖地契研究

已公布的1件黑水城出土西夏文土地买卖契约及本文公布新发现的11件西夏文草书土地买卖契约,为了解西夏黑水城地区的土地买卖及相关情况提供了宝贵资料。西夏晚期,该地区相当部分农民生活困苦,不得不出卖土地换取口粮,从而导致寺庙和地主兼并土地的现象。契约提供了关于农户的耕地数量、耕地和院落、土地四至的信息。从一些有连带关系的土地买卖契约,还可大致勾画出部分土地和灌渠的分布情况。而契约中有些农户分散居住在各自耕地上的特点,则反映出党项民族游牧习俗的影响和当地耕地较多的地方特色。契约中关于渠道、给水等内容反映了当地农业依靠灌溉的特点,补充了西夏法典《天盛律令》有关水利管理的规定。这些契约继承了中国传统契约的形式,并形成自己的风格,是唐宋契约和元代契约的一种中间过渡形式。     

马可波罗上都之旅考述

国内外学者对马可波罗来华旅程众说纷纭,莫衷一是。本文在前人研究基础之上,对《马可波罗寰宇记》所载首个隶属忽必烈汗之地——可失合儿至元上都期间若干地名、史实、马可波罗旅行路线进行了详细考述,总结出《马可波罗寰宇记》存在一种暂时偏离马可波罗旅程正途,而插述与之邻近或甚远地区的编排体例。     

第一次世界大战前后日本对外扩张与东亚格局之变动——以华盛顿体系为中心的考察

日本将第一次世界大战视为"大正天佑",借对德宣战之机,迅速夺取德国在中国山东的利益,并企图在巴黎和会上得到"法理"上的认可,巩固在华"特殊权益"。由于中国代表拒绝在和约上签字,日本未能得逞。第一次世界大战后,列强在远东的竞争加剧。1921年在美国召开华盛顿会议,会议确认了美国的"门户开放、机会均等"原则,形成了主导远东国际关系的华盛顿体系。日本一方面在华盛顿体系的框架下,在与列强的"协调"中求得利益最大化;另一方面,不断寻找机会突破华盛顿体系的限制,从而建立由日本主导的东亚新秩序,实现对外扩张的梦想。九一八事变标志着日本告别华盛顿体系,开始实施建立所谓的东亚新秩序。     

A new Permian–Triassic boundary brachiopod fauna from the Xinmin section,southwestern Guizhou,south China and its extinction patterns

Wu, H.T., He, W.H., Shi, G.R., Zhang, K.X., Yang, T.L., Zhang, Y., Xiao, Y.F., Chen, B. & Wu, S.B., XX.XXXX.2018. A new Permian–Triassic boundary brachiopod fauna from the Xinmin section, southwestern Guizhou, south China and its extinction patterns. Alcheringa 00, 000–000. ISSN 0311-5518.

A new brachiopod fauna comprising 31 species in 19 genera is described from a Permian–Triassic boundary section in Xinmin, Guizhou Province, Southwestern China. The brachiopods were collected from the Changhsingian (latest Permian) Changxing (=Changhsing) and Dalong (=Talung) formations and the lower Griesbachian (earliest Triassic) Daye Formation, which were deposited, respectively, in a shallow-water carbonate platform, upper offshore and carbonate platform settings. Among the brachiopods described and illustrated, a new species Juxathyris subcircularis is proposed. In addition, some species Araxathyris previously reported in south China have been discussed in detail and revised, with new morphological information. In particular, internal structures are provided for the first time for Orthothetina and Araxathyris species reported from south China. In addition, important clarifications are also provided on the morphology and diagnoses for Haydenoides, Martinia, Crurithyris and Transcaucasathyris, as well as for Paryphella transversa.

Huiting Wu School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; Weihong He [whzhang@cug.edu.cn] State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; G. R. Shi [guang.shi@deakin.edu.au] School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia; Kexin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Tinglu Yang Faculty of Geosciences, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, PR China; Yang Zhang School of Earth Sciences and Resource, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China; Yifan Xiao and Bing Chen School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Shunbao Wu, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.